For example, if you ask people how much they would be willing to bet on a coin toss, they will typically bet more if they can toss the coin or they will bet more if the coin hasn't been tossed yet.

比如说,如果你问人们,他们愿意出多少钱去赌掷硬币,如果他们可以掷硬币,或在硬币还没被掷出前,他们会下更大的注

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选