We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses.

我们讲过实验室中,利用细胞培养技术培养减毒疫苗,以及我们所了解的减毒病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Botox is an injection of a molecule, or a complex molecule but a molecule, so in what ways would that be Biomedical Engineering?

肉毒杆菌素是一种注射用分子,或者说是一种复杂的分子,但它只是一种分子,它与生物医学工程有怎样的联系呢

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, for instance, there is a drug known as Curare and Curare is an antagonist.

比如说,有一种叫做箭毒马鞍子的药物,它是一种抑制剂

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

You can poison them, you can strangle them, you can shoot them in the heart.

你可以下毒或是勒死他们,你可以朝他心脏开一枪

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And, in a sense, one could say maybe this is not Plato's last word, I mean why does Socrates choose to stay and drink the hemlock?

或者也可以说，这并非柏拉图的结论，我是说为何苏格拉底,选择停留并服下毒参？

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Cosmetic surgery - you gave two examples, one was Botox and the other was liposuction.

整容手术,你告诉我们两个例子,一个是肉毒杆菌素,另一个是抽脂手术

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

At the end of the dialogue, he drinks the hemlock and he dies.

在对话的结尾处,他饮下毒芹汁,走向死亡

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And he's given hemlock, poison, and he drinks it and he dies.

狱卒把毒芹汁端给他,他一饮而尽,然后生命就此终结

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And so this is an example of a naturally occurring, attenuated vaccine.

这就是一个天然减毒疫苗的例子

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

He produced an oral polio vaccine from an attenuated virus.

他利用减毒病毒制得口服小儿麻痹症疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

But rather unlike Socrates, rather in staying to drink the hemlock, Aristotle left Athens and was reported to have said he did not wish to see the Athenians sin against philosophy for a second time.

但不像苏格拉底，没有留下来喝毒芹，亚里士多德离开了雅典,据称还曾说过,不愿再次看到雅典人,反对哲学的罪孽。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.

这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you delivered Botox all over your body that wouldn't be a good thing, it might not even be a good thing if you delivered it one place in your body, but it's definitely not good if you deliver it everywhere.

如果你把肉毒杆菌素注射到全身,这可不是个好事情,即使仅注射到身体的某一部位,也不见得有多好,不过全身注射会更糟糕

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, it's more effective because it's a live virus but it's a little bit more concerning because it's a live virus as well, in that you trust that it's attenuated but could it convert back to a virulent form or a form that caused a disease.

因此,口服疫苗更加有效,因为它是活性病毒,但又是因为这一点,人们也存有更多顾虑,当它处于减毒状态时你会信任它,但是它会不会转变回,强毒壮态或者致病状态呢

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We have techniques of recombinant DNA, and those can be used to produce either modified viruses, we'll talk about that.

我们拥有重组DNA技术,它可以用来生产任一种减毒病毒,这个以后会再讲

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Helper cells don't become cytotoxic cells but they help B cells become antigen producing - antibody producing cells.

附助细胞不会成为细胞毒细胞,它们帮助B细胞成为抗体分泌细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Here's where the intelligence of the immune system comes in, is that these cytotoxic T-cells that are generated only kill cells that have this signal on it.

免疫系统的聪明之处就在此,这些细胞毒T细胞,只能杀死具有特殊标记信号的细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选