• Delta v is positive in this direction here, the work is negative. So work on the system is positive. Work done by the system is negative.

    功是负的,总而言之,外界对系统做功的符号为

    麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

  • That great deal of specificity implies that heat is also path-dependent and again we have the convention that if heat is added to the system, the quantity is greater than zero.

    热也是与路径有关的,根据通常的习惯,如果我们对系统加热,其符号取为

    麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

  • So you don't want to put in a negative energy, that's not going to help you out, you need to put in positive energy to get an electron out of the system. So that's why you'll find binding energies are always negative, and ionization energies are always going to be positive, or you could look at the equation and see it from there as well.

    因为这对电离没有帮助,你需要一个的能量,使得电子脱离这个系统,这就是为什么你会发现,结合能总是负的而电离能总是的,或者你们看这个方程也可以发现这一点。

    麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

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