So we could think about comparing the potassium ion to a sodium ion. They have the same charge of plus one.

我们可以想象比较一下钾离子,与钠离子，它们都同样带有正一价的电荷。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And this is just a picture showing some of these sizes with their parent. So, for example, a lithium here, you can see how lithium plus is smaller than the actual lithium atom in its neutral state.

这是一张对比图,展示某些离子与它们的母体，比如，这里是锂，大家可以看到正一价锂离子是多么的小,与中性锂原子相比。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

so it's important to note that it's not in b, now we're talking about b plus, because we've already taken an electron out here.

其中有一个非常重要的地方需要注意，不是硼，而是正一价硼离子，因为我们已经拿走了一个电子了。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So here we're talking about v plus 1, so if we were to write it just for the neutral electron itself, we would find that the electron configuration is argon, that's the filled shell in front of it.

这里我们要分析的是正一价的钒离子，因此，我们先写出中性原子的电子排布，可以发现，其原子实是氩原子的电子排布，这些壳层已经被占满了。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, in the case of boron plus 1, what we are starting with is the ion, so we're starting with a 2 s electron, 2 s 1 and then we're going to 2 s 1 here.

在正一价硼中，我们面对的是这个离子，本来就应该从，2，s，电子开始，然后这里变成。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So let's think about the energy required now to remove a 2 s electron, let's say we're removing it from boron plus 1 versus neutral boron.

那么让我们来想一想,拿走一个，2，s，电子所消耗的能量，假设一个是从正一价硼离子中拿走1,另一个是从中性硼原子中拿走。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And what we say when we talk about the delta energy is I E 2 that this is going to be equal to i e 2, or the second ionization energy, or we could say the negative of the binding energy of a 2 s electron in b plus.

那么我们说,Δ，E，应该等于，或者说第二电离能，也就是正一价硼中，2，s，电子的,束缚能的负值。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So what we'll end up with is boron plus, 1 s 2 2 s 2 1 s 2, 2 s 2, E and what we say is the delta energy or the change in energy as the same thing as saying the energy of the products minus the energy of our reactant here, that's how much energy we have to put into the system to eject an electron.

所以结果应该是正一价的硼，电子排布为，我们说，Δ,也就是，E，的变化量,等于生成物的能量,减去反应物的能量，这就是我们从这个系统中,打出一个电子所需要的能量。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选