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The better prepared students have to formulate the concepts, so that they can explain them, which really helps.
准备更好的学生得,建立知识概念，那样才能解释他们，这对他们非常有帮助。
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That you could explain human psychology without mental notions like desires and goals.
二，并不需要诸如欲望目标等概念,来解释人类的心理学现象。
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We started with the idea you needed to appeal to souls in order to roughly explain why human bodies move, why we're animated or why we move in nonrandom ways.
一开始,我们诉诸于灵魂这样一个概念,是为了解释,为何人类的肉体能移动,为何我们有生命力,为何我们能够非随机性的运动
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The Republic is a book about the regime and all later political philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato and that means that it must provide a series of variations so to speak on Plato's conception of the best regime.
理想国》是一本关于政体的书,之后所有的政治哲学都不过是一系列,对柏拉图的批注，也就是说，它必需提供,一系列的差异来解释,柏拉图概念中的最佳政体。
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I mean a blanket term, a guiding concept, a transcendental signified, something that explains the nature of the structure and something also, as Derrida says, which allows for limited free play within the structure; but at the same time the structure has this kind of boundary nature.
是一个概括性称呼，一个引领概念，一个超验所指，它解释了这个结构的内涵，正如德里达所说，它允许在结构内有限的自由游戏;,但同时这个结构也有限性。
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But in order to do so, you have to use terms like "punishment" and "reward" and "reinforcement" in such a vague way that in the end you're not saying anything scientific.
但如果你要这样去做，你就必须将惩罚，奖励“,强化之类的术语概念模糊化,最终你所作出的解释便毫无科学性。
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It's an interesting question as to whether he really explains how a child goes from a concrete thinker to an abstract thinker, or how he goes from not having object permanence to understanding object permanence.
问题是,他是否真的解释了,儿童思维是如何从具体向抽象转变的,或是真的解释了,儿童的客体永存性概念是如何从无到有的
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What about the fact that-- We said there's a family of arguments, all of which have the general structure, inference to the best explanation, you need souls in order to explain feature F. Plug in a different feature F and you get a new argument.
这个事实怎么样,我们说过有一大类观点,它们有一些共同的结构,有关于这个最佳解释的推论,需要用灵魂的概念,来解释功能特征F,代入一个不同的,功能特征就会得到一个新的论点
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