They go back to ancient times, but I'm going to talk about some of our modern institutions and I'm going to talk first about discount bonds.

它能追溯到远古时代,不过今天要讲的是现代商业机构的利率,首先要讲的是贴现债券

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

They deal with, principally, state and local governments who are issuing bonds to raise money for their activities, like New Haven, for example, or any other state or local government.

他们主要与,州和当地政府打交道,这些政府机构通过发行债券筹资,例如纽黑文市,或者其他的州,或者其他的当地政府

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Now, part of the problem is that the rating agencies were rating their securities that they were investing in as AAA, in many cases.

同时存在的一个问题是,信用评级机构对他们投资的,大部分债券都给予了AAA的评级

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选