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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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You make a recombinant virus that has all the normal components of the virus but also has a gene that you want.
你就造出了一个重组病毒,它有普通病毒的各种组分,又带有你需要的基因
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Because of this people have sought other kinds of viruses to use as vectors and one that's commonly used is an adenovirus.
正因为如此,人们找到了其它病毒来,作为载体,常见的有,腺病毒
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Usually viruses have certain kinds of cells they want to infect or that they're capable of infecting.
通常病毒倾向于或者有能力,感染某些种类的细胞
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In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell.
在这种情况下,有可能是,病毒的一部分已经开始在这些细胞中复制
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That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response.
那将会产生疫苗,因为我提取的是病毒的亚基,可以被注射并且有可能引发免疫应答
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Make a lot of the virus, it has all of its antigenic epitopes on it, but we'll just kill it so that it can't replicate.
先增殖出大量的病毒,病毒表面有特定的抗原决定簇,然后杀死病毒使其无法复制
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There are still some active smallpox virus specimens kept in the world, and there are two sources of small--two places where smallpox is stored now.
世界上仍有地方保存着,一些具有活性的天花病毒样本,有两个地方还储存着天花病毒样本
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And the goal was to eradicate the virus, to get rid of it so that there were no natural sources of the virus on the planet.
其目标是根除病毒,完全除掉病毒,让这个星球上不再有病毒的自然来源
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They tested those to see if they were still active, and they were.
他们检测这些病毒是否仍有活性,结果是肯定的
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So maybe you could figure out how to use what we know about molecular biology, to engineer a new virus that's still immunogenic, but not pathogenic any longer.
也许你能指出如何使用,分子生物学的有关知识,来设计一个既能产生免疫性,但又不再有致病性的新病毒
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One is in the U.S.at the Centers for Disease Control, where there is a sample of variola, which is kept, you know, frozen on ice in a heavily guarded facility.
一个在美国的疾病控制中心,那有一支天花病毒的样本,冰冻后置于重重保护之下
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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And they also developed a very reliable way for introducing the virus, so that when they had a defined preparation of virus, then you want to make sure that everybody gets it in their skin in the right way.
他们还发明了一种可靠的方法来引入病毒,当人们有了确定的病毒制剂之后,就要要保证这些制剂都以正确的方式,注射至皮下
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They know that these cells are harboring the virus because those cells have foreign antigens on their MHC1.
它们能知道哪些细胞窝藏病毒,因为这些细胞的MHC1上有外源抗体
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