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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.
在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行
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You make a recombinant virus that has all the normal components of the virus but also has a gene that you want.
你就造出了一个重组病毒,它有普通病毒的各种组分,又带有你需要的基因
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Because of this people have sought other kinds of viruses to use as vectors and one that's commonly used is an adenovirus.
正因为如此,人们找到了其它病毒来,作为载体,常见的有,腺病毒
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Usually viruses have certain kinds of cells they want to infect or that they're capable of infecting.
通常病毒倾向于或者有能力,感染某些种类的细胞
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In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell.
在这种情况下,有可能是,病毒的一部分已经开始在这些细胞中复制
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That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response.
那将会产生疫苗,因为我提取的是病毒的亚基,可以被注射并且有可能引发免疫应答
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There are still some active smallpox virus specimens kept in the world, and there are two sources of small--two places where smallpox is stored now.
世界上仍有地方保存着,一些具有活性的天花病毒样本,有两个地方还储存着天花病毒样本
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Make a lot of the virus, it has all of its antigenic epitopes on it, but we'll just kill it so that it can't replicate.
先增殖出大量的病毒,病毒表面有特定的抗原决定簇,然后杀死病毒使其无法复制
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One is that you got to get the vaccine from cows, so you got to have an infected cow in order to produce the vaccine.
一是,你若要想从奶牛身上得到疫苗,那就得有一头奶牛感染病毒
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And the goal was to eradicate the virus, to get rid of it so that there were no natural sources of the virus on the planet.
其目标是根除病毒,完全除掉病毒,让这个星球上不再有病毒的自然来源
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They tested those to see if they were still active, and they were.
他们检测这些病毒是否仍有活性,结果是肯定的
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A group of scientists, mainly in Boston found, importantly, that they could cultivate the polio virus, the disease causing polio virus; they could cultivate it in cell culture.
在波士顿有一队科学家有了重大发现,他们可以培养脊髓灰质炎病毒,也是就引发小儿麻痹症的病毒,他们可以通过细胞培养来孵育这种病毒
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So maybe you could figure out how to use what we know about molecular biology, to engineer a new virus that's still immunogenic, but not pathogenic any longer.
也许你能指出如何使用,分子生物学的有关知识,来设计一个既能产生免疫性,但又不再有致病性的新病毒
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One is in the U.S.at the Centers for Disease Control, where there is a sample of variola, which is kept, you know, frozen on ice in a heavily guarded facility.
一个在美国的疾病控制中心,那有一支天花病毒的样本,冰冻后置于重重保护之下
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A problem with adenoviruses is that your immune system recognizes them, and if your immune system recognizes the virus then it can attack the virus and eliminate it from the body.
关于腺病毒有个问题,免疫系统会识别腺病毒,如果免疫系统识别了这些病毒,就会进而攻击并从体内清除病毒
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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Well, there are problems with viruses as well.
因为,病毒载体也有一些问题
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And they also developed a very reliable way for introducing the virus, so that when they had a defined preparation of virus, then you want to make sure that everybody gets it in their skin in the right way.
他们还发明了一种可靠的方法来引入病毒,当人们有了确定的病毒制剂之后,就要要保证这些制剂都以正确的方式,注射至皮下
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They know that these cells are harboring the virus because those cells have foreign antigens on their MHC1.
它们能知道哪些细胞窝藏病毒,因为这些细胞的MHC1上有外源抗体
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HIV, HIV is a natural virus that contains an enzyme in it.
IV,HIV是一种自然病毒,里面有一种酶
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