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For Plato, philosophy was in the first instance, a therapy for our passions in a way of setting limits to our desires.
对于柏拉图，哲学的首要任务，是透过对我们的欲望设限,来治疗我们的激情。
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All action all human behavior is aimed at achieving some type of good is all aimed at action.
所有的行动,人类行为都是,致力于达到某种益处,而且透过行动表达出来。
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The power to know is our ability to recognize, by sight, members of the same polis or city.
求知的能力,是我们透过双眼辨别，同一城邦或城市成员的能力。
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Their distinctive customs manners laws habits moral dispositions and sentiments and Aristotle's constitutional theorizing begins by asking a simple question.
意即他们特有的习惯，风俗，法律，习性,道德意向及社群观感,而亚里士多德的本质理论化过程,是透过提问一个简单的问题。
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And even the greatest goods, the founding and preservation of cities, often require murder.
就算是最大的善事，像是创建与保守城市，也通常是透过谋杀的手段。
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So, on the basis of this, Socrates proposes how to proceed Kallipolis with the construction of Kallipolis, and he does so through what he calls three waves.
以此为基础，苏格拉底提议,如何着手建立，他的作法是,透过他所谓的三波。
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Naturally, all thinkers, to some degree, have read Aristotle through their own lenses.
当然，所有的思想家在某种程度上，都是透过他们自己的角度来读亚里士多德。
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We don't know the real Socrates, all we know of Socrates is what we read in Plato and Aristophanes and a small number of others who have sketched various different pictures of him.
我们不认识真正的苏格拉底，所知的苏格拉底,是透过阅读柏拉图及亚里斯多芬尼斯,及其它少数作者,从不同角度的描绘。
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The suggestion Plato seems to be making by making Thrasymachus blush is, despite all of his tough talk, that he's not as tough as he appears to be, as he wants to think of himself to be.
柏拉图的暗示似乎是透过,让，Thrasymachus，感到困窘，先不管他先前那些顽固的言论，展现出他其实不像表现出的那般顽固，不像像他自己认为的那样顽固。
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In other words, not Lorenzo at all, but precisely princes who have or will achieve their authority through their own guile, their own force, or their own virtu, to use the famous Machiavellian term that I want to talk about later.
换句话说并非罗伦佐，而是那些已经或将会,透过其欺诈手段,获得职权的君王，透过其武力或，Virtu，夺权的君王，这是马奇亚维利著名的词汇,我稍后会谈到。
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