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That is, most processes that we're concerned with, they'll happen with something held constant like pressure or temperature or maybe volume.
这句话是说我们所关注的大部分过程，发生的时候都是保持某个量为常数,比如压强，温度或者体积。
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The entire process of what exactly? Making music? Getting my music out?
具体是哪个过程？制作音乐？还是发布音乐作品？
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So we're going to go through a thermodynamic cycle, and here's what I want to calculate when we do this.
那么我们要推导,一个热力学循环,这是这个过程中我要计算的东西。
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What's shown in this diagram is the progress of the developing embryo as it travels in time, down the fallopian tube.
这张图上显示的,就是胚胎发育的过程,是按照它在输卵管中移动的时间排序的
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Things I want to make sure we all understand what they mean. Validation is a process.
我想确定我们都能明白它们的意思,验证是一个过程。
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The Freudian would say that these processes are unconscious so of course you just don't know what's happening.
他会说，这些心理过程都是无意识的,所以你当然意识不到。
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The steering wheel is--having the same steering wheel is compatible with changing of a few pieces.
方向盘一直都是原来那个,和它过程中微小的变化,是不冲突的。
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It doesn't have a point. It's all process and form.
它没有目的，而仅仅是过程和形式。
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So this is an 'in shoes', be careful where we are here, this is an 'in shoes in shoes' argument, at which point you might want to invent the sock.
所以这是一个不断换位思考式的过程,注意一下这里的措辞,这是一个换位再换位思考的过程,说明我们也要换来换去思考
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So in some sense, the first law would suggest you can sort of break even.
初看起来，热力学第一定律,可以保证这个过程是可行的。
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Of course there are lots of ways we can execute the cycle, but this is a simple one, and these are steps that we're all familiar with at this point.
当然循环过程,可以有很多种方法，这是一个简单的例子，这是循环过程,循环中的每一步我们都很熟悉。
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T2 So this is an isotherm at some different temperature T2, a cooler temperature, because this was an expansion.
这个绝热过程的温度是,比T1低，因为这是个膨胀过程。
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But part of the process of being systematic is not assuming that I'm going to get a lucky guess. But not even thinking really hard at this point. But just pruning the search space.
但是系统化的过程是不允许,假设我做出了,一个幸运的猜测的,而是逐步缩小搜索空间。
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that instead of all the steps being reversible, let's just put in one irreversible step.
不是所有的过程都是可逆的，其中有一个过程不可逆。
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This is equal to zero. So this irreversible process this Joule-Thomson process, is a constant enthalpy process. Delta h for this process is equal to zero.
等于0。所以这个不可逆过程,也就是焦耳-汤姆逊过程,是一个等焓过程。
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So your time scale it just fast enough that this is basically an adiabatic compassion.
你的时间足够快以至于,基本上是一个绝热过程。
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So from one to two it's isothermal.
从一点到二点是等温过程。
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If it was non-reversible, I would be allowed to put an initial point and a final point, but I wouldn't be allowed to put a path between them like this, connecting them together.
如果是不可逆过程，我可以画出过程的初态点,和末态点，但是我不能再像这样,画出连接这两个点的，路径曲线来。
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Patience is an important part of the debugging process. I have not rushed.
耐心是调试过程中的一个重要部分,我没有着急，我冷静的慢慢的。
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And again, I want to stress this is a reversible path.
再强调一次，我们研究的是可逆过程。
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This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.
这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置
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One, developing ways to understand how humans work better, how human physiology operates, and second, developing new approaches for replacing function in people when they're sick.
一,开发新方法更好的了解身体的运作,以及生理过程是怎样发生的,二,当人机体发生病变时,找到方法替代病变器官的功能
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Imperative knowledge is a description of how to deduce something.
程序性知识是,对推论过程的描述。
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These are all constant. It's isothermal.
它们都是常数，这个过程是绝热的。
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That was a constant enthalpy change.
这个过程是一个自由焓不变的过程。
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If I look at different points in my container during that path, I'm going to have to use a different value of pressure or different value of temperature That's not an equilibrium state, and that process turns out then to be an irreversible process.
如果我要研究在路径中容器里的,不同的点，我就得在容器里不同的点上使用,不同的压强值,或不同的温度值,实际上这不是个平衡态，这个过程是,不可逆过程。
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One of the real surprising findings in my field over the last ten/twenty years has been that the acquisition of sign languages has turned out to be almost exactly the same; in fact, as far as we know, exactly the same as the acquisition of spoken languages.
过去的十到二十年间,在我的研究领域里最令人吃惊的发现之一就是,各种手语的获得过程,被证明几乎是完全相同的,实际上据我所知,和口语语言的获得过程是完全相同的
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if it's a reversible process then the equality holds, but if it's irreversible, which means it happens spontaneously, T then dS is greater than this.
对于可逆过程，等号成立，但是如果是不可逆过程，这些不可逆过程是自发进行的，那么dS大于dq除以。
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And of course, in either case, w delta u is q plus w, so it's q irreversible plus w irreversible, u being a state function it's the same in either case.
当然了，在这两个过程中，Δu都等于q加，因此现在是q不可逆加w不可逆，同时u在这两个过程中都是态函数。
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