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He was responsible for writing the first justification for an armed rebellion against a legitimate monarch, the first to publish such a work in, essentially, all of Europe.
他是第一个为反对合法君主的武装叛乱,写辩护书的人，也是第一个在全欧洲将其发表的人。
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Their autonomy was assisted by the continuing struggle between popes and Emperors, between church and state, again, a thoroughly unique Western experience.
他们的自治权是在君主和教皇的争斗中,国家与教堂的战争中促成的,这又是一次西方文明独特的经历
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But,he viewed "hereditary monarchy" as the unique port of salvation- that's a very religious image--that could save France.
不过,他把"世袭君主政体",当作是唯一的避风港,那是很有宗教色彩的,它可以拯救法国
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The sovereign is, for Hobbes, the artificially reconstructed will of the people in the person of their representative.
君主制是，人民意志的体现,人民以共同意志推选出代表。
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Milton participated with extraordinary enthusiasm and considerable zeal in the establishment of England's new, non-monarchic government, initially a commonwealth and then what we can think of as a republic.
弥尔顿带着极大的热情,参与了组建英国的非君主制新政府的过程，这一政府起先是联邦制,后来可认为是共和制。
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Then on the other hand, at the other extreme, you have scholars who see the patriarchal stories as entirely fabricated retrojections of a much later age. And they vary significantly as to when they think these stories were written: anywhere from the period of the monarchy all the way down to the fourth century, some of them.
另一方面又是另一个极端，有学者认为族长故事完全是后世编造的,这样一来，对这些故事是什么时候写的,也有巨大的分歧：,其中一些人认为是在从君主制时期,到公元4世纪之间的某段时候。
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And which, in the case of England, the civil war was largely fought, to a great extent anyway, trying to prevent the English monarchy from taking on characteristics of those emerging absolute states on the continent.
其中之一是英国,［1648年的英国内战称之为 "英国资产阶级革命"］,这在很大程度上,是为了阻止英国的君主制,转变为欧洲大陆上新兴的绝对主义
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You can't call--we know Odysseus himself is a basileus-- him a merchant. Pirate, sure, but merchant, no.
我们都知道奥德修斯是君主,我们不能,叫他商人,海盗没问题,但商人绝对不行
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It is the people who endow the sovereign with the authority to represent them on their behalf.
他认为，君主的权力是人民赋予给他的,让其代表广大的人民,并维护人民的利益。
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He's shamed by the fact that he has been defending injustice and the tyrannical way of life.
他感到羞愧的原因是,自己一直在捍卫,不公及专制君主式的人生。
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That's Spinoza on Machiavelli, because "he was favorable to liberty" and that the book, he says, is kind of a satire on princely rule.
那就是斯宾诺莎对马基雅维利的理解，因为,他推崇自由，而关于《君主论》，他说道，某种程度上是对君主统治的讽刺。
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Was he a defender of royalism ? and the power of the king, ? or was he a defender or an opponent of royalism?
他是君主主义,是君主力量的捍卫者吗，或者他是反对君主力量的捍卫者吗？
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But he does distinguish, he tells us, between a just law and a good law.
况且，君主是足以，辨别何为公正的法律，何为好的法律。
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Strong enough to interfere with the ambitions of emperors and kings, it never was able to impose its own domination, though some of the Popes surely tried.
也无法与君主帝王的,雄心壮志相抗衡,宗教是无法统治一个国家的,一些教皇的努力也以失败告终
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Machiavelli speaks of the prince, while Hobbes speaks of the sovereign, that is a kind of impersonal or in Hobbes' language, artificial power created out of a contract.
马基雅维利探讨君主，而霍布斯则探讨主权，这算是不受个人感情影响的，在霍布斯的说法里，君主的权力是由契约产生的。
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In a sense, the core of Hobbes' theory of sovereignty can be boiled down to the statement that the sovereign and only the sovereign is the source of law.
从一定意义上讲,霍布斯对国家权力的核心观点,可以概述为,君主，而且只有君主,是法律效力的唯一源泉。
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This is sometimes known as the doctrine of legal positivism, which is to say that law is the command of the sovereign, a sort of command theory of law.
这就是人们所熟知的,法律实证主义学说,也即，法律即为君主的命令，这是法律的一种君权命令说。
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There's a strong tradition in Nime, one of my favorite places,of popular Royalism, and also of course in Brittany -- I keep giving Breton examples, I'll pick other ones.
尼姆当地有很强的君主主义信仰,它是我很喜欢的一个地方,当然还有在布列尼塔,我一直拿布里多尼举例子,等会儿换一个
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He did no injustice to Uriah because, as the lawful sovereign, he could do any, not just anything he liked but whatever he did was set by the rules of the law.
大卫的做法对乌利亚之所以仍是公正的，是因为他作为君主，他的任意举止作为,都是合理合法的。
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Standard form of government has been monarchy.
政府的标准结构是君主制政体
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Who was this strange and elusive man whose writings seem to have been enlisted both for the support of monarchy and for republics, even for a universal monarchy and a smaller participatory democratic kind of government?
这位奇怪，难以理解的人是谁,他的写作似乎同时横跨,支持君主政体及共和政体两个范畴，甚至可说是一种世界帝国,和相较下,式微的参与式共和政府？
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But the power to control or the power of law for Hobbes also very much applies and here is one of his most controversial doctrines.
对霍布斯而言，君主权力和法律效力,都应当是因人而异的,下面是他最有争议的一项学说。
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The sovereign is described by Hobbes as an artificial person by which he means the sovereign is the creation of the contract or the covenant that brought this office into being.
霍布斯把君主描述为一个,现今意义上的法人,也就是说君主的权力,是由某种意义上的合同,或说是契约而形成的。
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But the Hobbesian sovereign, unlike umpires, are not just the enforcers of the rules or the interpreters of the rules, the sovereign is also the creator, the shaper and maker of the rules.
但他的这一君权理论，与足球裁判的不同之处在于,他言下的君主，不仅是既定规则的执行者，还是这些规则的直接制定者。
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Muscovy was a princely state.
俄国曾是一个君主制国家
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But it's very interesting that when you get to historical Greece, as we shall see, there are no wanaktes but there are, at least according to tradition, basileis.
但相当有趣的是,在希腊历史中我们看不到王这一称谓,但至少是根据传说是有君主这一称谓出现的
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How is this determined? And Hobbes makes clear that the sovereign is not invested with the authority to exercise a kind of absolute control over everything that people do.
它是怎么确定的呢,霍布斯阐释说,君主并非要用自己的权力,对人民做的所有事情都拥有绝对的控制。
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Although Hobbes is widely taken to be a defender of monarchical absolutism, you will note, in your readings, that he displays a kind of studied neutrality over actually what form the sovereign should take.
尽管霍布斯被广泛地认为是,君主专制主义的维护者，但在阅读中你们会发现，他对国家应当采用何种政体,是保持中立姿态的。
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But it doesn't matter. There's never one king.
但这无关紧要,重要的是没有君主专制
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There is for Hobbes, as for Thrasymachus, no higher court of appeal than the will or the word of the sovereign, no transcendent law, no divine law, no source of authority outside sovereign command.
对霍布斯和特拉西马库斯而言，根本不存在能高过君主意愿,和言辞的上诉法院，更没有什么卓绝或是神圣的法律,以及其他权力是可以高于君主的命令的。
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