Again, how much quantity would Firm 2 have to produce in order to induce Firm 1's best response to be 0?

重复一遍,公司2的产量是多少时,公司1的最佳对策是产量为0呢

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So in the partnership game we put efforts on these axis and now I'm going to put quantities on these axis.

合伙人博弈中横轴表示付出的努力,现在横轴表示的是产量

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

Annual production of magnesium is about 600,000 tons per year.

每年的镁产量,大约是六十万吨。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

The South had its greatest cotton crop ever in 1860.

860年棉花产量是南方有史以来最高的

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

So what is this? This is Player 2's best response, so Player 1's best response to Player 2 producing half monopoly output.

这是什么,这是参与人2的最佳对策,即参与人1对于2半垄断产量的最佳对策

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So it's going to be pretty difficult for us to sustain this joint monopoly output, this collusive agreement.

因此说想要通过私下协议来,维持垄断产量,是非常困难的

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So the amount of output produced by the industry was somewhere between the case that would be under monopoly and under perfect competition.

亦即是行业产量,在某种程度上是介于,在垄断和完全竞争两种情况之间

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So we know how prices are set, they're set by the firms, so the next question is where do the quantities come from?

现在我们知道了价格是怎么决定的,它们是由公司决定的,下一个问题是产量怎样得到

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

What quantity, if produced by Firm 2, would cause Firm 1 to shut down on this picture?

公司2的产量是多少的情况下,公司1才能被迫停产呢

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So if Firm 2 produces this amount then Firm 1's best response is this amount.

如果公司2的产量是这么多,那么公司1的最佳对策就是这个产量

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

It tells me the other way around to look at how prices correspond to quantities, it tells me the quantity demanded at any given price.

它直观的显示出,价格如何与产量对应,即在给定的价格上需求量是多少

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So, in particular, what would be Player 1's best response if Player 2 didn't produce at all?

比如说,参与人2产量为0时1的最佳对策是什么

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So they are the quantities they produce, each of them produces, of an identical product.

也就是说每家公司的商品产量,因为他们生产的是同质的商品

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

I'm sorry, half the monopoly quantity and that would produce this much each.

我说错了,是垄断产量的一半,这样双方都按照这样的协议生产

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

The Cournot was competing in quantities and Bertrand is competing in prices.

古诺是在产量上竞争,而伯川德是在价格上竞争

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

Somebody help me out here, where's the monopoly quantity on this picture?

谁来说一下啊,图像中的哪一点是垄断产量啊

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

If Firm 2 produces this amount then Firm 1's best response is this amount.

如果公司2的产量是这么多,那么公司1的最佳对策就是这个产量

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

Steven. Steven presumably knows that Patrick is actually going to produce this quantity.

史蒂文很可能知道,帕特里克的实际产量是这么多

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So Patrick's response in Pepsi is to overproduce relative to the monopoly quantity, actually overproduce even relative to the Cournot quantity and produce all the way out here.

百事可乐公司面对垄断产量,采取的举措是增加产量,实际上增加产量就会导致,产量逐渐接近古诺产量

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

All right, so Patrick when he's in the when he's playing the manager of Pepsi he's going to produce more of this undrinkable liquid and produce this quantity here.

好的,帕特里克是,百事可乐公司的经理,他会生产更多这种难喝的饮料,产量是这么多

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

Okay, so Patrick's producing here but what about Mr. Coca-Cola guy?

帕特里克是这么制定产量的,那可口可乐会怎么做呢

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

I'm sorry this quantity. So Steven, what should you produce?

抱歉是这么多,那你会如何制定产量

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So we know the quantity that's going to be produced.

我们能够算出来产量是多少

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

We would like a model in which firms set prices because for the most part we think firms do set prices not quantities: Not always but for the most part.

我们想要的是一个由公司设定价格的模型,因为在大多数情况下,我们认为公司是设定价格而不是产量,虽然不总是如此,但大多数情况是这样

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

We know the quantities going to be produced.

我们知道产量是多少

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

so how do--where do the quantities from?

那么产量是怎么来的呢

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So, for example, in around 1900 in America or a little bit earlier, let's say 1880 in America, it really isn't clear that it was illegal to write agreements to say we'll restrict quantities.

比如1900年甚至更早的美国,假如是1880年的美国吧,在当时这种限制产量的合同是否违法,在司法上没有明确的界定

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

This is the best response of Player 1 to the best response of Player 2, to the best response of Player 1 to Player 2 producing half monopoly output and there are lots of brackets here.

它表示参与人1对于参与人2的最佳对策,是参与人2生产垄断产量一半的情况下的,这里有一大堆的括号

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

Let's just... We'll get there, just to remind you, the way we read this is you give me a quantity of Firm 2, I find Firm 1's best response by going across to the pink line and dropping down.

我们当然也能算出来,提醒一下各位,这个图像的个意思是任意给出公司2产量,然后通过这条粉色的线,就可找出与之对应的公司1的最佳对策

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

In one model we thought of the firms setting quantities and the market determining prices, and here we have the firms setting prices and the market determining quantities, but the basic underlying economic structure of this is very, very similar.

在前一个模型我们假设公司设定产量,而市场决定价格,在本模型中我们假设公司设定价格,而市场决定产量,但基本的经济结构是非常,非常相似的

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选