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So, that's what is meant by the term, Dark Ages, and that's what does follow the fall of the Mycenaean world.
那么,这就是这个术语的含义,黑暗时代,它紧随着,迈锡尼文明的陨落到来
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One of the motives for his selection of this genre, the pastoral genre, is the tradition -and it's a tradition that goes all the way back to Theocritus and Virgil -that associates shepherds with poets.
他选择这个流派的动力之一，就是田园诗是一种传统,是一种可以追溯到忒俄克里托斯和维吉尔时代的传统,它把牧羊人和诗人紧密相连。
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Sometimes things go awry and what happens is a phrase that's not currently used in psychology but was popular during Freud's time: hysteria.
当防卫机制不起作用时,就会造成一种病症,其名称在如今的心理学领域已经不常用到,但在弗洛伊德的时代,这是个非常流行的名称：,这就是癔症。
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So, that's really the first context and the mobilization of many ordinary people living in Paris.
这就是第一个时代背景,巴黎的许多普通民众都受到了鼓动
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That's what happened in '81-82 but you have to remember that times are different.
这就是81-82年发生的事情2,但是你必须明白时代不同了。
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It's dark. The other, dark, in the sense of gloomy, not good, bad; this is a hard time, a poor time, a wretched time, a miserable time.
因此称之为黑暗,另一个理由是,黑暗从悲观的角度来说就是不好的,坏的,这是一个艰难的时代,一个穷苦的时代,一个不幸的时代,一个悲惨的时代
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Machiavelli would no doubt be taken up against some board of offense today for using such a term ? but that's his language. What can I say?
马基雅维利若是在当今时代说出这样的话,一定会遭受猛烈抨击,但那就是他的语言风格，我能说什么呢？
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Now, for a long time in American scholarship and in American classrooms one of the deep mythologies about this whole story of the era of the American Civil War in the Old South is that the Old South's plantation economy was dying out.
在很长的一段时间中,美国学术界和美国课堂,对于这个时代内战前的南方历史,存有一个疑点,就是当时南方的种植园经济正在逐渐衰退
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Back out of all this now too much for us, Back in a time made simple by the loss Of detail, burned, dissolved, and broken off Like graveyard marble sculpture in the weather, There is a house that is no more a house... And that is where he's going to take us in the poem.
回到那时对我们来说太沉重了，那个时代是由细节的遗失组成的,烧毁的，不见得，和被破坏的,像这样的天气，墓地里的大理石雕像，这是一个不再是房子的房子。,这就是诗里他要带我们去的地方。
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And so you will hear Homeric characters referred to by epithets, Homer, part of the technique of passing on oral poetry is by having epithets attached to the rulers to help with the meter.
你会发现有一些别称用来称呼荷马时代的人,荷马时代,口口传诵诗歌的技巧之一,就是在统治者名字后面加上别称,使之更押韵
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That is to say, when the rules governing authority have broken down in times of crisis, and that was certainly true in Hobbes' time, a time of civil war and crisis.
这就是说，当统治权力,在危机下崩溃时，这恰好就是霍布斯时代的情况，充满内战和危机的时代。
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Another thing that is interesting is that when you look at the burials of Greeks in the post-Mycenaean period, in the Dark Ages, there's nothing resembling those grand tombs and the wealth that's buried in them for the dead.
还有件很有趣的事,就是在黑暗时代迈锡尼后期,君主的陵墓中没有与其身份相称的陪葬品,没有为来生准备的金银财宝
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Was it the world in which tradition says Homer himself lived, the transition first to the Archaic and then to the Classical Period, the period in which we think about the dawn of the polis?
或是那个传说中荷马曾经生活的时代吗,那个时代先经历了古代的转变,而后到了古典主义时期,也就是我们所说的城邦萌芽的时期
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These are dark times.
这些就是黑暗时代
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A very good example of that is what I've been telling you; that's really what happens. And here's another thing, if you go to the end of the Greek story, when you think about political theory, there's Plato.
我刚刚讲的就是一个很好的例子,确有其事,还有另外一个例子,当我们走到希腊神话描述的那个时代的尽头,当你思考政治学说时,柏拉图会给予你启示
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