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There was nature; now there is culture, which is very much like an event or birth in the older sense.
有了自然，然后就有了文明，这就像从前说的发展或者诞生。
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But because of those discoveries, we are now in a position to appreciate the monumental achievements of these early civilizations, these earliest civilizations.
由于那些考古发现，我们现在才能欣赏到,那些早期文明的不朽成就，最早的文明。
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That is to say for many, many, many people literary theory had something to do with the end of civilization as we know it.
这就是说对于很多很多人来说,文学理论与,我们所知道的文明的结束有些关联。
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The conversation on human rights and said "You know what, this is really the way you have framed it. A very western concept and it's coming of your enlightenment.
在关于人权的对话中，非西方国家的人们会说,“看吧，这只是你们的想法而已,是西方化的概念,这是在你们的文明背景下产生的。
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The civilization of the West, however, was not the result of some inevitable process through which other cultures will automatically pass.
然而,西方文明的发展之路,并非经历了其他文明必经之途中,一些不可避免的发展过程
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And that brings me to my final point about our Hobbesian civilization that conceals from us a very uncomfortable truth.
接下来我要讲的,是霍布斯现代文明观的最后一个观点,它将把一个残酷的现实呈现在我们面前。
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They throw heraldry, they throw every kind of vestige of Old World culture and monarchy and aristocracy and civilization.
他们抛掉了世代相传的家徽,抛掉一切来自旧文明,和旧君主政体的痕迹,抛掉了贵族政治和文明
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So, he remained very Russian, but it was the importation of more western ways of looking at things that were very important.
因此他还是一个很正宗的俄国人,但鼓励引进更西欧文明式的思考方式,这对于落后的俄国来说还是非常重要的
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And the Spanish, a much smaller group of people was able to overtake the Aztec civilization, very well established, because that group of people was devastated by the disease.
那些西班牙人,只是一支较小的队伍,他们之所以战胜高度发达的阿兹特克文明,是因为阿兹特克人被这种疾病摧残了
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You find it in datable places and that's why we can give this some kind of date, such as in Egypt.
你会发现它属于一个可确定年代的地区,这正是可甄别此文明所属年代的原因,例如在埃及
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Nevertheless, our knowledge of the earliest stages of human civilization was quite limited for many centuries.
然而，几个世纪以来,我们对人类最早时期文明,的认知是很有限的。
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He was a Victorian historian preoccupied with the dissolution of Western civilization.
他是一个维多利亚时代的历史学家,专门研究西方文明的瓦解。
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The type of individual he tried to create, careful, self-interested, risk averse, this has become ? the dominant ethos of our civilization, has it not?
因为他笔下的个人主义，如强调个体利益，风险回避等,已经成为我们文明的主导精神，不是吗？
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As early as 1826 an important pro-slavery writer named Edward Brown argued that "Slavery," he said, quote: "Had ever been the stepping ladder by which nations have passed from barbarism to civilization."
早在1826年,一位重要的亲奴主义作家,爱德华·布朗说过,"奴隶制,曾是帮助那些国家从野蛮时期,发展到文明社会的阶梯"
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Because of Western civilization's emergence as the exemplary civilization, it also presents problems to the whole world.
虽然西方文明的崛起,作为现代文明的模板,但是它也反映出了世界范围内的现存问题
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Most of the influence,I suspect, was going one way in those days- from the more advanced civilization of the east to the Greeks.
而且我怀疑,绝大多数影响,在那些日子中是单边流向的,从东方更高级的文明流向希腊
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What you see is a kind of cultural unity, first of all, within the Mycenaean world itself.
你看到的是一种文化的统一体,首先,在迈锡尼文明内部文化就是统一的
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That civilization was uncovered by the archaeologists right at the beginning of the twentieth century.
考古学家在二十世纪初首次发现了,拥有该特征的文明
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Even in the passage that I cited earlier, where Hobbes describes the benefits of civil society, he speaks of activities like navigation, exploration and industry.
在我之前引用的段落里，霍布斯描述文明社会,益处的时候,他谈到一些像航海，探险，工业等等的活动。
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For one thing they're not dressed like civilized people in a dress, they're wearing pants.
首先他们的衣着和文明人不同,他们穿短裤
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In other words, to understand and cope with the problems that we all face, we all need to know and to grapple with the Western experience.
换句话说,为了理解并解决我们所面对的问题,我们必须了解并掌握西方文明的经验
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It is inconceivable the Greeks could have developed a civilization that they did without contact with these eastern civilizations and learned a great deal from them.
难以想象,希腊人可以在脱离与东方的联系,并未向东方学习的情况下,建立一个与其同样伟大的文明
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When we use the word Minoan we mean the civilization whose home is Crete.
当我们用"米诺斯"这个词语时,就是指出自于克里特的文明
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Let's take Mycenae, which is maybe the best example of the whole culture.
我们以迈锡尼城为例,这也许是此文明最好的例子
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There are also differences, sometimes, in the shape of weapons that we find in the Greek World after the Mycenaean Period compared to what are described in Homer's poems.
在武器的设计上有时也有差异,处于后迈锡尼文明的希腊所发现的,武器和《荷马史诗》的描述是不同的
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Now, I've been saying kind things about Western civilization, but I would not want to deny that there is a dark side to the western experience and its way of life.
我刚刚一直说的都是西方文明光辉的一面,但我是不得不承认,西方文明,也有它黑暗的一面
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In fact, we can never be fully free of the fear and of the anxiety and uncertainty of the state of nature, even within to some degree of fully constituted civil society.
实际上，我们完全可以,脱离恐惧焦虑和,对自然状态的不确定,甚至在一定程度上可以摆脱完全文明的社会。
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There was no separate caste of priests and there was very little concern, I don't mean any concern, but very little concern with life after death which was universally important in other civilizations.
没有独立的教会阶层,城邦里的人们很少关注来生这个概念,很少关注,不是说完全没有关注,此观念在当时的其他文明中是极为重要的
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