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That is the modification of what would and does evolve in and of itself within an understanding of literary historiography.
这种修正会在文学历史的领域里,进化自己。
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And if I don't do that. then I will apply to graduate school in comparative literature, probably in California
如果不行的话，我应该会申请去加利福尼亚大学的比较文学研究生院。
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By the same token, if literature has effects, it must have effects on someone, and this gives rise to the equally interesting and vexing question, "What is a reader?"
同样，如果文学史有影响的，它一定会对某些人产生影响，它也会引出一个同样有趣,而恼人的问题，“读者是谁？“
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This is a course that introduces you to the New Testament literature, but also the history of other material from the very first one hundred years or so of early Christianity.
本课不仅介绍,新约文学，还会介绍其他文献的历史,可以追溯到基督教早期100年左右的时期。
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This is a kind of meta-literary allegorization that I'll be performing here: you could also think of Milton the poet as being stuck at this same juncture.
这是一种元文学的语词新作,我现在会开始展示，你们也可以思考一下,诗人弥尔顿也在同样的时刻陷入僵局。
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It had been my accidental reading of fiction and literary criticism that had invoked in me vague glimpses of life's possibilities.
我偶尔会读小说和文学评述,这让我隐约地窥探到,生活的可能性，“
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In other words, perhaps to your frustration, what you read today has nothing at all, in and of itself, to tell you about literature.
所以，听起来可能会让你们沮丧，你们今天读的，和文学根本没关系。
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We're going to make every effort to define literature as carefully as we can.
我们会尽可能小心地,给文学做出定义。
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At times, we will play the historian, at times we will be literary critics.
有时，我们会从历史学家的角度来看，有时，会像文学评论家。
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And that's something that we'll talk about from time to time in the class, but it's something you'd get more out of,for example, if you studied an art history class, or if you studied a literature class that talked about some of these issues in later European times.
这些我们在课堂上,会经常讨论，但如果你参加其他课，会学到得更多，比如艺术史课程，或者文学课,也会讨论欧洲各个时期的宗教问题。
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You go on and say to yourself, "Good heavens. It's just talk about literature.
你会对自己说，这只是文学而已。
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Though he sometimes does talk about texts that we call "literary," indeed he very often does, nevertheless Derrida's position and the logic of that position suggest that we can't really reliably discriminate among genres.
尽管他有时确实会讨论被我们称为“文学“的文本“,事实上他经常如此，然而德里达的立场和他立场的逻辑,是我们不能够明确地划分文学的体裁。
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All of this the New Criticism had a great deal to do with-- and when I talk next time about the way in which it's been vilified for the last forty or fifty years, naturally I will have this in the back of my mind.
这些都跟新批评派有关-,等我下次再说到这个,在四五十年前饱受诋毁的文学鉴赏方式的时候，我还会想起今天所说的话。
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We know literature is produced by historical forces.
我们知道文学会推动历史。
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It's neither in the text nor in the reader but the result of the negotiation back and forth between the text and the reader, he says, that sort of brings the literary work into existence in a virtual space.
它不在文本中，也不在读者的视域中,而在反复阅读文本和读者的视域之中，他说，那样会把文学作品,放到一个虚拟的空间中去。
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As we'll learn from Jakobson next week, literature can be understood--or what he calls the study of literature, "poetics"--can be understood as a subfield of semiotics, but semiotics is not in itself a literary theory.
下周我们学雅各布森的时候也会看到，文学可以被理解为，诗学，即符号学的一个分支，但是符号学不是文学理论。
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Okay. So that's the basic distinction and, as I say, as far as I can see it's irreconcilable so it leaves us with a choice that really does have to be made, and it's a choice which looms over a course in literary theory and coming to understand the tradition of literary theory.
这就是二者基本的不同之处，我以前说过，只要二者不能兼容,我们就不得不从中选择一个，这个选择将会一直出现在文学理论课,和理解文学理论传统的过程中。
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There are lots of things to be said against it, on the other hand, which I don't want to pause over now because I think a course of lectures on literary theory will inevitably show the ways in which paraphrase is inadequate to the task of rigorous interpretation.
另一方面，有很多反对这个的言论，我不想在此,停下来讲,因为我觉得一门,文学理论上的课不可避免地,会包括一些释意所无法，充分解释的方面,一个严苛的评论家克林斯。
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Literary analysis that is sensitive to the larger contours of the account will reveal the artistic hand of the final editor.
通常经过文学分析，会发现,最终版本都经过艺术加工。
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In a way, there's a subset of questions that arises from those, to the effect that this is, of course, what we'll be taking up next time: the question "What is an author?"
从这些大问题中又会产生一些小问题，这些问题也将是我们以后会讨论的：,关于文学的缘由，我们接着又会问，“作者是谁？“
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Up to this point in literary history, only verse written for the theater had been written in unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, in blank verse.
文学发展到那时候，只有为戏剧写的诗,才会用不押韵的抑扬格五音步，即无韵诗。
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One can speak hesitantly of literary discourse, political discourse, anthropological discourse, but one doesn't want to go so far as to say literature, political science, anthropology.
一个人可能会犹豫地说出,文学话语，政治话语和人类学话语，即使他并不想谈论,文学，政治学和人类学。
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She's thinking about putting it on her book club, and--if any of you know anything getting on Oprah's Book Club makes your sales for the next 20 years.
她在考虑把你的书放到她的书友会里，如果你们中有人知道一些关于现代文学的事情的话,进入奥普拉书友会的书在,以后的二十年都会有好销路的。
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This isn't the last time this will happen during the course of the syllabus, our job is to bring out the implications for literature of texts that we read that don't have any direct bearing on literary study.
而且以后你们还会读到很多和文学没有关系的东西,在课程大纲里，我们的任务是,读懂文学的含义,但是课程里却又很多东西和文学无关。
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And that may bring up chances to talk about literature also.
期间会有机会讨论文学作品。
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It's a course which is absolutely fascinating in all sorts of ways, and it has one very important thing in common with literary theory: that is to say, literary criticism is, too, perpetually concerned with the definition of literature.
这门课在各方面都很棒，而且它与文学理论有一个重要的相似之处：,即文学评论也永远会关注，文学的定义问题。
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