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That is to say, maybe the most central and, for me, possibly the most fascinating question theory asks is well, what is literature?
对我而言，理论提出的最核心，也许是最有趣的一个问题是,文学是什么？
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So hermeneutics will be our first topic, and it attempts to answer the last question that I've mentioned which is raised by theory of literature.
所以诠释学，是我们的第一个话题,它试图回答的是我在探讨文学理论时提出的最后一个问题。
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So, Hartman and Fish have forwarded two perfectly ingenious theories of Milton's similes, and they've had a tremendous impact, rightly, on generations now of readers of Milton.
所以，哈特曼和费什提出了两个相当聪明的理论,给弥尔顿的两代读者，留下了深远的影响。
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Behaviorism is a school of thought that was there long before Skinner, championed by psychologists like John Watson, for instance.
行为主义学派,远在斯金纳提出他的理论之前就已经存在，受到了众多心理学家的拥护,比如约翰·华生。
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They don't necessarily represent in a systematic fashion Plato's worked out axiomatic views about the nature of philosophy.
它们不一定是很系统的,不是说柏拉图已经,提出了一套系统的哲学自然理论
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What are the consequences for a theory of justice and in account of rights of calling into question the idea of self possession?
如果有一套公正理论和对权利的解释,对自我拥有提出质疑，会引起怎样的后果呢？
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When you look at this theory, you realize that it suggests a very important technology for improving human welfare and by spreading risks.
这一理论，提出了一个重要的技术,即可以通过分散风险，提高收益。
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I think it's in the eighth century that Hanson points out is relevant here.
根据汉森提出的相关理论,我推测它应该在八世纪左右
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And in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this progression was viewed as an advance, which is not very surprising because the whole theory was put forward by scholars who were basically western monotheists.
在十八十九世纪，这个演变,被认为是一种进步，这并不奇怪,因为整个理论基本上都是由,西方一神论者提出的。
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He gives an analysis of industrial capitalism.
的理论提出一个。
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And then the pyramid that I find most persuasive is the one developed by the folks at Harvard, willett and his colleagues, that's based on all the available science.
下面这个金字塔在我看来是最有说服力的,它是由哈佛的学者威莱特及其同事提出的,该金字塔参考了所有的现有科学理论
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In fact, I don't know if in the news the pioneer in this is a man named Judah Folkman, who is a surgeon who first speculated that this was important, and sadly he died on Monday, but had a dramatic impact on our understanding of how cancers develop in people and new approaches.
实际上,我不清楚这个新闻中提到的人,是不是犹太?福克曼,这个领域的先驱,他是个外科医生,最先提出了这个重要的理论,不过不幸的是他在本周一去世了,他让我们对癌症有了新认识,带给我们治疗癌症的新思路
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Now the Lady responds to what we can think of as his aristocratic debauchery with an economic theory of her own, and we haven't looked at that yet.
这位女士以我们可以想到的方式做出回应,由于对她提出的图利的理论和他本身的贵族气息的放荡，这一点我们还没有读到。
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The Elder Brother is issuing this theory without any consideration, - obviously, whatsoever of earthly reality and we're shocked by -- I don't know how else to put it.
大哥没有经过任何思考就提出了这个理论，显然，尘世间的任何事实都让我们震惊了-,我不知道怎么去说。
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So, we're going to talk about somebody's idea about racial prejudice, but that's not a theory of language acquisition.
我们会谈到某人所提出的,关于种族偏见的理论，但它却并不是语言获得的理论。
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This is by the way--just because one can make this claim and, I think, make it stick in certain cases, doesn't mean that the proposition is any less outrageous.
还要指出的是 就算有人提出了这种理论，有些情况下甚至能说通，并不说明这种说法就能让人接受了。
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So, the idea that theorists suggest-- and it may be unreachable-- but the perfect financial system would have all of our risks pooled completely.
理论家提出的这一理论-,可能无法达到-,但是一个完美的金融体系,能够将所有的风险完全分摊。
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I wanted to talk about the theory of interest as presented by Professor Irving Fisher at Yale, who is famous for having exposited that.
接下来要讲的是利息理论,是由耶鲁的欧文·费雪教授所提出的,他因阐述这个理论而出名
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That's at least the kind of claim that fans of the body view often make in the face of this difficulty for the personality theory.
这是在人格理论面临困难时,肉体理论支持者提出的说法。
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And his discoveries that-- they did them in different ways at different ages led to the emergence of the Stage Theory.
他发现,儿童在不同的年龄拥有不同的行为方式,他根据这一发现提出了阶段理论
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Instead, he's known for the development of an encompassing theory of mind, one that he developed over the span of many decades.
相反，他却因为提出了极具包容性的,心理理论而闻名天下，这个理论是他通过数十年的研究才提出的。
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An alternative theory is that of Bowlby, which is that they're drawn to their mother for comfort and social interaction as well as fear of strangers.
另一个理论是鲍尔贝提出，他们被妈妈的安慰,和社会互动吸引,同时他们害怕陌生人。
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Many of the issues that I raised in talking about defining literature are as relevant for literary criticism as they are for literary theory, and yet we all instinctively know that these are two very different enterprises.
当讨论文学的定义时，我提出的许多问题,对于文学理论和文学评论都同样相关，但我们都知道,它们是两个不同的概念。
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It starts by raising a certain philosophical objection to the personality theory.
首先我们对人格理论提出一种哲学上的异议。
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There's almost an arithmetic relationship theory that they put forth.
他们提出的是基于算数关系的理论
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Now, Freud developed this.
这就是弗洛伊德提出的理论。
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In this description of the moderate and temperate enjoyment of nature, the Lady is giving us something like a Puritan economic theory.
在关于适度和有节制的享乐的描述中，这位女士给我们提出了类似清教徒的有利可图理论。
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So we revise the personality theory to say, the secret to personal identity is having the same personality-- provided that there's no branching.
所以我们对人格理论稍作修改，提出人格理论的秘诀在于-,给人格提供无分支的前提。
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And if the knucklebone theory of personal identity gets proposed and somebody said, Oh,yes,but you see,that person now with that knucklebone will be you, because the key to personal identity is having the very same knucklebone.
如果个人认同感的指关节骨理论被提出，有人会说，你看，这个有着你指关节骨的人，就会成为你，因为指关节骨就是个人认同感的关键。
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So, every philosopher or psychologist or humanist or neuroscientist who has ever thought about people has had to make some claim about the nature of language and how it works.
因此,无论是哲学家,心理学家,人类学家,还是神经系统学家,只要他们曾经研究过人类,便会就语言的特性及其功能提出某些理论
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