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Well, that problem was partly solved by saying, 'Well,if I'm giving the inoculation to one person, and that's what would happen.
这个问题一定程度上可以这样解决,如果我给一个人接种,然后就可以解决了
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So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.
因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低
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For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?
比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样
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You can't go to school in this country, and in many countries, until you've had your prescribed set of vaccinations.
在我国,接种规定的疫苗之前,许多国家也一样,你都不能去上学
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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.
在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行
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If you did that what would happen is you would see antibody levels rise even more sharply than before.
如果这么做,会发生什么,与第一次接种相比,抗体浓度急剧上升
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And so that very practical consideration turns out to be important in how we use vaccines in real populations.
所以,如何使疫苗接种更便于,实际操作就变得非常重要
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So, he intentionally inoculated his wife and two children with fluid that he got from one of his sick cows.
所以他给自己的妻子和两个孩子接种了,取自病牛的体液
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If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio.
如果你直接接种脊髓灰质炎病毒,将大量的病毒直接接种到人体,就会引起小儿麻痹症
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And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.
所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒
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Give enough of the vaccine so you have a dose for everybody in the world, or a large fraction of the people.
疫苗的数量,足以让世界上每个人都接种一支,或者让绝大多数人都能接种一支
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The clinical trial was designed such that almost two million elementary school children were given this test vaccine.
该临床试验的计划是,向近二百万的小学学生,接种这种测试疫苗
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Availability of this freeze-dried vaccine made it, then, possible to think about vaccinating people all over the world.
冻干疫苗的应用能使医护人员,考虑向全世界人民接种疫苗
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So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?
所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗
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Well, there's a whole population of people who are younger than me that never got smallpox vaccines, right?
所有比我小的人,都没有接种过天花疫苗,对吧
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So, you couldn't introduce the live virus in because that would cause the disease not just immunity.
所以 不可以直接接种活体病毒,因为这会使人致病而不仅是引起免疫应答
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Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.
有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种
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This process, I said, this ancient process of taking scabs from patients and introducing them to people you wanted to protect, was called variolation.
这个过程,我想,这个从病人身上取痂,接种到你想保护的人身上的古老过程,叫做天花接种
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So, none of you in this room, I'm 100% confident, never ever got a smallpox vaccine.
所以我百分百确信这间教室里所有人,没有一个人接种过天花疫苗
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You want to give it to people in different communities, to make sure that it works in all the subpopulations where the vaccine's potentially valuable.
研究者希望将疫苗分接种于不同人群,以确保疫苗适用于所有人,这样才能体现疫苗的价值
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One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"
人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗
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Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced.
我再说一次,这些抗体针对于,我们所接种的抗原或疫苗特异产生
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A vaccination, for it to work around the world, has to be inexpensive, transportable, possible to use without advanced medical personnel, and those kinds of things.
而疫苗接种,为了能适用于全世界,它必须便宜,便于运输,还要能在没有高级医生的情况下使用,它应该具有诸如此类的特点
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He took this pustular fluid that was produced at this very specific phase of the disease, and he developed a way for giving that to people.
他取出脓包中的,由这种,非常特殊的过程产生的液体,他还发明了一种将之接种到人身上的方法
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And I've already given you some clues about this, in that this process of vaccination that Jenner had developed was intentionally injecting into healthy patients, a microorganism.
我刚刚已经向你们提示了一些,在詹纳发明的接种过程里,故意把微生物注射到健康病人身上
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The question is "What happens after a vaccine is introduced into the body?"
问题在于,人体在接种疫苗后会发生什么样的变化
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Because you had the vaccine, presumably, and so you didn't get the disease.
不难猜测因为你接种了疫苗,所以你就不得这病了
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One was, a better understanding of what you were doing when you vaccinated.
一是更好的理解了,当你接种时究竟发生了什么
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He used not just his family, but he used whole populations of people.
他不仅给家人接种,也接种给全体人民
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Then, if we inject it into people they'll be getting the real virus.
接着,将这种病毒接种到人体内,人体会得到真实的病毒
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