Usually it's done by taking all or part of the infectious agent, and showing them to your immune system in some way.

通常它会带着全部或部分抗原介质,并以某种方式呈递给你的免疫系统

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The way that they appear in your body tells the immune system something about where they came from.

抗原在体内出现的方式,向免疫系统表明了抗原的来源

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So a vaccine is designed in order to engage that biology, in order to provide antigens that will stimulate specifically your immune system.

所以疫苗的作用就是参与这个生理活动,提供抗原 来刺激你的免疫系统

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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.

第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.

于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

That shouldn't be too surprising given what we talked about last week, that your immune system, the adaptive immune system in particular, responds to individual antigens differently.

你们不必惊讶,上周我们讲过免疫系统,特别是适应性免疫系统,对不同抗原的应答是具有特异性的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.

通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用

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And so we talked very briefly last time about this business of antigen presentation, how your immune system-- one of the things that it does especially well, is recognize what's part of you and what's not part of you.

上次我们简单的提到过,有关抗原呈递的一些知识,你的免疫系统如何,这也是免疫系统尤其擅长的一点,就是识别哪些部分属于你,哪些不属于

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.

所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞

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Now, if I was a person that was designing a vaccine and I noticed that this was the response that it got, that antibodies were produced, they reached some intermediate level, they started to fall, I would say, "Well I haven't stimulated the immune system enough, let me re-boost, let me give another dose of antigen."

现在,如果我正在研究一种疫苗,我注意到机体会对这种疫苗产生应答,也就是会产生抗体,当抗体浓度达到中等水平后,就开始下降,就可以说,疫苗对免疫系统刺激还不足,我需要提高抗原浓度,让我再把剂量再加大一倍

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The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that.

还有就是,我希望可以,把今天关于疫苗的讨论,与我们上周讲过的内容,结合得更紧密一些,当接种疫苗,或者是接触抗原时,人体将会发生怎样的变化,以及免疫系统对疫苗产生何种应答

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An antigen expressed in the context of MHC stimulates your immune system.

同MHC共同表达的抗原,激活了免疫系统

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Then those antigens get expressed with MHC just like they did in all the other cells inside the host, but particular cells of the innate immune system have a different kind of MHC called MHC2.

这些抗原同MHC共表达,就如同抗原在其他宿主细胞中那样,但先天免疫系统有一类特殊的免疫细胞,具有一种称为MHC2的不同MHC

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