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Humoral refers to immunity in the blood and it's immunity that's in the blood in the form of antibodies.
体液免疫代表着血液中的免疫机制,血液中的免疫机制是以抗体的形式存在的
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At some point, maybe a week later, four to eight days later, you would start to see antibody levels rise.
之后,或许一周之后,四天到八天之间,就可以看到抗体的浓度开始上升
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This is a way for the immune system to recognize things that are going wrong inside the cell protected from antibodies.
这是免疫系统识别,抗体不能识别的细胞内病变的方法
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If you did that what would happen is you would see antibody levels rise even more sharply than before.
如果这么做,会发生什么,与第一次接种相比,抗体浓度急剧上升
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We talked about antibodies, we talked about them two weeks ago, we talked about them in section last week, uses of them.
我们讨论过抗体,我们在两周前讨论了抗体,上周的组会中我们讲到抗体的应用
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They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come.
并可以迅速分化为,抗体分泌细胞,记忆细胞在等待第二次信号的到来
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One is there's no lag period, notice that antibody levels start rising right away after the second exposure.
第一是没有迟滞期,请注意,抗体浓度迅速上升,在第二次接触抗原时
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The advantage of this is that now you have four binding sites for antigen instead of just two.
这样的好处是一个抗体上,有四个抗原结合位点而不仅仅是两个
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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There's a lag period where if I was just looking for antibodies nothing happens for a while.
这中间存在一段迟滞期,如果只过一会就进行观察,抗体的数量不会发生变化
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Now, we're not thinking about total antibody concentration because you already have a lot of antibodies circulating within your blood and in your fluids.
现在,我们先不考虑抗体总浓度,因为你的体内已存在许多抗体,在血液以及体液中循环
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So, these are better at binding to antigen because they have more binding sites on them.
连接抗体是对付抗原的有效方法,因为抗体表面将会有更多的抗原结合位点
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There's - this diagram comes directly from your book, from one of the boxes in the book which describe how you analyze antibody interactions.
这个图表是直接从书上拿来的,来自于书上的一个框图里,这个框图介绍了如何分析抗体的相互作用
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Because bacteria are outside of cells and when antibodies bind to them they can neutralize them.
因为细菌生存在细胞外,抗体结合细菌并中和掉它们
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Now, why do you need a cell mediated immune response if you have an antibody response?
为什么你还要有细胞免疫反应呢,你已经有抗体应答了啊
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Well, let me just say for the rest of time where do antibodies come from naturally?
那么 剩下的时间里我们谈谈,抗体是怎样自然产生的
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Those levels would reach a plateau after some period of time, maybe after a couple of weeks and then they would begin to decline again.
在一段时间后,抗体浓度将达到峰值,峰值大约出现在几周之后,之后,抗体浓度将开始下降
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It turns out you can use that for lots of things, you can use it to detect the presence of small amounts of chemicals anywhere.
可以将抗体用来做很多事情,可以用来检测,任意地方是否存在某种微量的化学物质
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Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced.
我再说一次,这些抗体针对于,我们所接种的抗原或疫苗特异产生
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We're thinking about the particular antibody that binds to this antigen that you're exposed to.
现在,我们考虑一种特殊的,与你所接触的抗原相结合的抗体
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It also turns out that they're made stable in these environments like milk and mucus secretions because of this secretory chain which is wrapped around it.
同时,连接抗体还可以,使抗体在像乳汁或是粘液分泌物,这样的体内环境中保持稳定,因为分泌循环系统可以将抗体包裹在内
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From a technological perspective, antibodies are incredible tools because antibodies are molecules that are specifically designed to bind to a particular antigen or a particular chemical.
从技术角度上来说,抗体是一种令人难以置信的分子,它们被设计来,特异性地结合抗原,或者某种化学物质
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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We'll talk about how to use antibodies in that fashion later today in section.
我们将会讨论如何使用抗体,就在今天的分组讨论上
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We're going to talk more about now how to use antibodies in section today.
我们还要多谈一些,抗体的应用,就在今天的分组讨论上
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There's a lag phase, there's a slow rise to an intermediate level of antibody.
会有迟滞期,在该时期,抗体浓度缓慢到达中间水平
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They differentiate, they make many copies of themselves - I'm sorry they proliferate, they make many copies of themselves, and then they differentiate into antibody production machines.
它们开始分化,再制造很多自身的拷贝,对不起应该是先扩增,扩增出很多自身的拷贝,然后分化成为制造抗体的机器
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I just want to remind you that if you looked at the population of antibodies inside--in your blood, for example, the predominant antibodies would look like this.
我在此提醒下你们,如果你们观察在你们血液中的抗体,主要的一些抗体有以下几种
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This kind of recognition leads to another effect, what's the effect? Antibody production.
这种识别还产生了另一种作用,什么作用呢 产生抗体的作用
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The antibodies they make are all specific to the antigen that stimulated them.
它们制造的抗体,对激活它们的抗原来说都是特异性的
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