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And specifically -- our industry's constantly transitioning from one technology to another, and we sort of screwed up one of the transitions.
具体来说,就是这个行业的技术,不断地经历着转型，在其中的一个转型中我们搞砸了。
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For all students, what we want to do is we want to give you an understanding of the role computation can and cannot play in tackling technical problems.
对所有学生来讲，我们想做的就是,给你们关于计算在能否解决技术问题中,所扮演角色的,认识。
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Another example of using this technique is to produce therapeutic proteins from cloned DNA and I'm going to describe this one.
另一个运用到此技术的例子就是,从克隆的基因中制造治疗性的蛋白质,我会具体说这个例子
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In fact you can find all over American culture in 1800,1810, even into the 1820s, a lot of fear of technology.
其实你能从所有的美国文化中发现,在1800到1810年,甚至在19世纪20年代,充斥着太多对新技术的恐惧
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Most people around the world who know of them want to benefit from the achievements of western science and technology.
世界上了解西方的人,大多想从西方科学和技术成就中,获得利益
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All right so it has to live in RAM as opposed to the hard drive because otherwise things would be terribly slow as you know so it's much better if your programs live while they're running in RAM and they end up in what's called the tech segment.
好的，它存在内存中，而不是硬盘中,因为，否则程序会非常的缓慢,程序在内存中运行会好得多,它们在技术段,的地方结束。
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And then what I'll try to do during this lecture is giving you a broad overview about some of the innovations in the educational uses of technology.
在这个讲座中我将会,对一些将技术应用于教育领域,的创新之举做一个综述。
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We have to understand--in understanding the progress of financial technology-- is its fundamental relation to information technology.
我们需要了解...,理解金融技术演进的过程中,与信息技术之间的基本关系
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We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses.
我们讲过实验室中,利用细胞培养技术培养减毒疫苗,以及我们所了解的减毒病毒
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Second, I'd like to identify two key questions that I really think important for you to be thinking about and addressing in the area of new technology and education.
接着确定两个关键问题,这两个问题很重要,你们要好好想想怎样,在新技术和教育中定位。
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Another dimension to keep in mind throughout this discussion is the dimension of technology.
另外一个在讨论中,应该牢记的,研究教育的角度是技术。
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We're going to talk about cloning next week, but why would cloning be an advantage in producing food?
下星期我们讨论克隆,为什么克隆技术在食品工业中具有优越性
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They have been working on improving their methods and they're trying to create divisions within their organizations that prevent the moral hazard from happening.
他们已经对技术进行改进,并且他们正尝试,在机构中划分部门,以便防范道德风险的发生
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Then next lecture--I want to come back to some basic themes that--the third lecture-- about technology and it relates to another book that I wrote.
再后面的一讲...就是第三课...,将会回到基础的主题中,会讲到金融技术,这涉及到,另外一本鄙人的拙著
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That's an example; you see how information technology created a Social Security system.
这个例子中你们可以看出信息技术,是如何创造出社会保障体系的。
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So there's some issues about how these technologies might be applied, right?
在这些技术的实际应用中,确实存在着一些问题,对吧
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Problems like the artificial heart are still unsolved, there's still room for innovation, still room to learn from what hasn't worked before, to learn from science, and to design something better.
人工心脏技术中存在的问题还没有解决,还有创新发展的空间,仍有从未涉足的领域来研究,通过对科学原理的学以致用,去设计出更好的产品
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So this is an example of a technology that's just emerging now, it's certainly going to impact you in your lifetime and we'll talk about how it works and what the current state-of-the-art is there.
这个例子中提到的技术,才刚出现,但在你的有生之年,它肯定会影响人们的生活,我们会讨论到这门技术的原理和,当前的技术水平
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And the engineering part of that is sort of the part that I talked about in one slide, when I talked about how do you convert this scientific advance into something that can be delivered all over the world.
这其中的工程部分就是,我曾经在一个幻灯片中讲过的,在我讲到,如何将先进的科学技术成果转化为,可以在世界范围传播的东西
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Well let's talk about some mechanisms for using this and I'll start with a simple example of how one can detect a gene in a fluid, in a blood sample for example, where that gene is unknown.
我们来说说这项技术在实际应用中的机制,先从一个简单例子着手,如何在一个血样中,侦测是否存在某段基因序列,某段未知基因序列
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Development of an artificial heart, again another example of Biomedical Engineering, is something that people have been trying to accomplish for decades now, and this is the closest that we've come and there are many advantages of this particular artificial heart.
人造心脏技术的发展,是生物医学工程的另一个例子,科学家们,试图在这二十年中去改进它,而这是最接近成功的一个实例,这枚人造心脏有很多优点
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We talked about modern imaging methods and this is an example of an fMRI, a functional MRI; a map of the brain that not only shows you the anatomy of the brain but shows you something about the chemistry of what's going on inside.
我们还说到现代影像技术,这里是一幅脑部功能性磁共振成像图像,一种功能性的磁共振,图中不仅可以看到脑部解剖学图像,也可以看到一些脑内的生化过程
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This was an early example of recombinant DNA technology being translated into a clinical product and that's the vaccine that's widely used in practice now.
这是早期使用DNA重组技术,构建临床产品的案例,如今这种疫苗在实践中广泛使用
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Reverse transcriptase is a naturally occurring protein, it has a biological function in HIV, but we can use it for a technical logical function here by going backwards on the biological path from messenger RNA to DNA.
反转录酶是在自然环境中存在的蛋白质,它在HIV中发挥着生物功能,但在这里它可以发挥一个技术功能,让它用信使RNA反转录出DNA
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It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.
这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因
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We did not yet have good methods for screening blood to look for HIV, we didn't have the ELISA technique that I--we talked about in section a few weeks ago and so there was a great concern that there might be other diseases that you'd be passing on from-- unknowingly from this subset of patients that you're isolating the vaccine from.
那时我们还没有一种好的方式,来从血液中筛查出HIV,也还没有ELISA技术,该技术我们在几周前的一个章节中谈到过,因此,那时仍存有,很大的担心,那就是你有可能,在不知情的情况下,被那些病人,感染上其它疾病,因为疫苗就是从他们身上提取出来的
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So if you've got putty or terminal up on the screen, -- and you're having some trouble that's really best seen with -- in that natural environment, we can actually see sort of tech-support style on the right-hand side what you're doing, and you can see everything we're doing.
所以如果你有Putty软件或者终端机在屏幕上，你遇到一些麻烦来显示最佳状态-,在那个自然环境中，我们可以看到很多,技术支持类型,在你们做的东西的右手边，你们可以看我我们在做的一切。
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