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So, and of course, you know, keeping entropy as a fixed variable for a system like that is extremely cumbersome.
所以，对这样的系统要求它们的熵保持恒定,和一个非常笨拙做法。
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So even if we had a transportation system as nice as San Francisco,
所以即使我们有旧金山那样好的交通系统，
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So, that's a homogeneous system, one phase. You have to know if your system is an equilibrium system or not.
所以这是个均匀系统，只有一个相，你得知道你的系统,是不是个平衡系统。
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The reason for that is because all of this is connected, so we're moving electrons everywhere in the system.
这个现象的原因是因为,它们全部都是连接起来的，所以在这个系统中,电子移动到所有地方。
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So, just an introduction to the classes of potential foreign invaders that our immune system tries to defend us against.
所以 我只是简单介绍几类,免疫系统试图抵御的潜在外来侵略者
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It is no longer tethered to the nucleus so there is no energy stored in the system.
它已经不再受原子核的吸引,所以这个系统中没有能量储存了。
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So the three of us would have a casual and unstructured conversation with the president in what direction he wanna to go.
所以我们三个会随便地,没有系统地聊一下,总统想说什么就说什么。
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They didn't succeed; we still had banking crises so the system didn't seem to work very well.
它们没有取得成功；,我们仍然存在银行业危机,所以这个系统似乎运行得不怎么好。
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Well, in any case, so language is a system of signs.
所以，语言是一个符号系统。
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The immune system is stronger, so it also helps in terms of physical health.
免疫系统更强，所以对身体健康也有帮助。
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So if there's any systematic bias going on in the way these things get graded it'll smooth itself out across the teaching fellows, so we'll have a fair grading system and things.
所以,如果在评分过程中,有任何系统性误差,都会由助教们尽量纠正过来,这样就有了公平的评分系统
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malloc sizeof So, when I call malloc size of int and int on this system is probably 4 bytes or 32 bits so what am I getting back?
所以，当我调用,在这个系统中int可能是4个字节，或者说32位,那么返回的是什么呢？
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So--a conclusion-- We are not a purely physical system.
所以 我们得到一个结论,我们不是纯粹的物理系统
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So, we had a pretty good connection to the BBS systems, the bulletin board systems, back then.
所以我们有一个很好的BBC网络系统，就是电子布告栏系统。
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So the temperature is intensive, and you can make intensive properties out of the extensive properties by dividing by the numberof moles in the system.
所以温度是强度量，你可以通过,除以系统中物质的摩尔数,来从广延量中导出强度量。
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These are physical knobs that are available us as experimentalists. And so when we turn these knobs on our system, we want to know how the enthalpy is changing for that system.
这些都是我们做实验可,以得到的物理变量,所以当我们在系统中,改变这些量的时候。
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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Here there's an expansion going on, so the system is doing work to the external world.
这里发生了膨胀,所以系统对外界做功，活塞被推出来。
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It is a conservative system so all the energies are negative.
它是一个保守系统,所以所有的能量级都是负值。
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Banks still are vulnerable to bank runs because they still have deposits so the system is still vulnerable and therefore the Federal Reserve has a set of reserve requirements.
银行仍然对银行挤兑敏感,因为它们仍然有存款,所以这个系统还是比较脆弱的，因此,联邦储备金有一系列的法定准备金率。
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Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously.
由于它会感染你的细胞并且繁殖,所以你的免疫系统会有很强烈的反应
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So this is a system which is out of equilibrium.
所以这是一个不平衡的系统。
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These things happen from time to time, but they happen with enough regularity that there's something we really want to understand as a systematic-- as a systematic phenomenon.
这样的事情时有发生,而且具有一定规律性,所以我们希望能够,弄清楚这其中的,系统性现象
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So, helium plus is a one electron system.
所以氦正离子是一个单电子系统。
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So this cell, wherever it's setting, wherever it is positioned within the nervous system let's say in the cortex somewhere or the outside surface of the brain is able to communicate with a region of the brain that's in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction.
所以这个细胞 无论它在何处,无论它在神经系统中安身何处,就比方说它位于大脑皮层上吧,即位于大脑外表面上的某处,它可以同,这一方向上的脑域进行交流,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向
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So q is zero adiabatic. Work is zero.
因为系统绝热，所以q是零。
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So, you have both the diversity in the physical connections, any one cell is potentially contacting lots of other cells.
所以 神经系统既有多样性的物理连接,即每个细胞都可能与其他许多细胞连接
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Well it was a messy system so you'd only get like ninety cents on the dollar.
它是一个混乱的系统,所以一美元的纸币可能就值九十分了。
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And so the energy is zero because the electron is no longer bound. It is free.
所以这个系统能量为0，因为,电子不再受束缚了，它自由了。
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Remember, because that 1 s orbital is all the way down in terms of if we're thinking about an energy diagram, we're all the way down here, so we have a huge amount of energy we have to put into the system in order to eject an electron.
还记得吧，因为1，s，轨道在能量示意图里,是在最底部的，我们要一直到最下面，所以我们要向这个系统注入非常大的能量,才能打出一个电子。
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