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I apply ligase, and I've got the plasmid that I had before but now with my gene, colored green here,inserted.
我用连接酶,就能在质粒中把基因,这里绿色的部分,插进去
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I think my mom being a dancer, kind of, I have that in me.
我觉得我继承了我母亲作为舞蹈演员的基因。
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If I could find the unique set of proteins that correspond to those genes I could define chemically what the cell is.
而我又能找到和这些基因对应的,这种独特的蛋白,我就能通过化学手段确认这是哪种细胞
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In some ways, it might just occur to me this identification of the gay gene.
某种程度上来讲，这让我想起了,同性恋基因的认定。
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What I am frankly espousing here ' is what I have been calling "growing-tip statistics," taking my title from the fact that it is at the growing tip of a plant " that the greatest genetic action takes place."
我非常支持,'成长尖端统计学“,我的头衔来自以下的研究发现,最优秀的遗传基因会在,幼苗的成长尖端出现“
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Well, we were raised by different parents and we have different genes We can't tell-- My brother and me might share all sorts of things in common but we have the same parents and the same genes, fifty percent of the same genes ? So how do we tell what's causing us to be alike?
因为我们的父母不同,我们有不同的基因,我哥哥和我,可能会有很多共同点,我们的父母是一样的,有50%的基因相同,那是什么导致我们相似的呢？
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The rest of the time I want to talk about expression of genes, of new genes.
剩下的时间里我想讲讲基因的表达,新基因的表达
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Well, I think the gay gene is maybe a different example, because you would want to arouse the question, do we think the life with attraction to your own sex is any worse than life without it?
我觉得同性恋基因可能是个不同的例子，你可能想要引出这个问题，那就是，被同性所吸引,这是否意味着一个人的生活就要比其他人糟糕呢？
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How would I put a gene that I'm interested in into a plasmid?
怎么把我想要的基因整合到质粒上呢
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Those two examples I just gave you, one had to directly inject a gene containing vector into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg and you don't have that opportunity in adults.
在我刚给出的两个例子里,一个必须得将带有目的基因的载体,直接注射到受精卵的原核中,这在成年人身上行不通
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I'll talk about what that means, encoding insulin means in a minute, but there's a gene that tells your body what insulin looks like and that gets transcribed but only in those cells that make insulin.
一会儿,我将会讨论基因编码胰岛素的意义,所有细胞都含有相同的胰岛素基因,它决定胰岛素的结构以及如何被转录,但是只有胰腺细胞才能产生胰岛素
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If I want to clone a gene from a human, if I want to clone the gene for human isulin, mean make many copies of the gene that's responsible for making insulin, I need to know whether there are introns there or not.
如果我想要从一个人类个体克隆基因,如果我想要克隆人类胰岛素基因,亦即我要把负责生成胰岛素的基因,复制许多个副本,我就得要知道哪些是内含子,哪些不是
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Now the problem with that is a problem I mentioned before, that most human genes are not just a straight sequence from beginning to end of the protein that you're interested in.
但现在的问题,是我之前提到过的,大多数人类基因不是一个连续的序列,从头到尾都对应你想要的蛋白质
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It's really been a powerful tool in molecular biology because I might have a very small copy of a gene that I'm interested in and I can make enough copies that I can start to do something else with it.
这确实是分子生物学的一项利器,因为我可能只有,很少量的感兴趣的基因拷贝,而我可以马上制造出足够数量的复制品,能使我用作其他用途
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You can use PCR for fingerprinting as well, for looking in some unknown fluid for example, is a gene that I'm interested in there?
也可以用PCR做生物指纹鉴定,比如在一个未知溶液样本中,里面是不是有我感兴趣的那段基因呢
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Control of gene expression is a very big topic and so I'm going to show you one cartoon to sort of tell you that it is a big topic that's really important.
基因表达的调控是个大课题,我给你们放一些动画,好让你们理解,其涉及范围之广,意义之重
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This proves to be really difficult in the real world because in the real world it's hard to pull apart genes and environments So, you and me will have different personalities ? Why?
这在现实中是很难区分的,因为现实中很难,把基因和环境分开来讲,你和我有不同的性格,为什么？
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You do that by expressing the genes in the mice in the way that I described on the last slide and it's shown in a little bit more detail on this slide.
按照我上张幻灯片讲过的方法,在小鼠中表达外源基因,这张幻灯片中对此有更详细的表述
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Before we talk about how to do it-- and we don't have perfect ways to do it yet but I'll describe some of the ways that are used, I want to talk just briefly on this slide about what the goals for gene therapy might be.
在讲具体怎么做之前--,现在还没有任何一种方法是完美的,但我还是要讲讲一些已经应用的方法,我借助这张幻灯片简要介绍一下,基因治疗的可能目标
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If I cut up just DNA from the chromosome, what's called genomic DNA, then I'm going to have both exons and introns within the fragments that I create.
如果我切割的恰好是染色体上的,基因组DNA,那我切成的片段上,就会同时有外显子和内含子
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One way I could try to find the gene for human insulin is to take any cells from any of us, skin cells let's say, and I could identify where on the chromosomal DNA that insulin is likely to occur.
我能找到胰岛素基因的一个方法,是从任意一个人身上任意取一些细胞,比如说皮肤细胞,并且我知道胰岛素基因,可能出现在染色体DNA的哪一部分
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