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So it's a really powerful and simple formalism, once we set up what is needed the go through it, right?
因此这是一种很强大而简单的形式,一旦我们定下需要什么,就可以推导出它，对吧？
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This is something that you're going to prove in statistical mechanics, and so we're not going to worry about where this comes from.
我们会在统计力学中,证明这一结论，现在不需要去,操心这一结论的由来。
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And in this case we're going to look at silicone, and we'll say if you can point out to me which requires the least amount of energy.
这次我们要做的是关于硅的，我们来看看大家是不是,能够为我指出那一项需要消耗的能量最少。
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So we needed to come up with another source, a renewable source, so we turned our attention to embryonic stem cells.
因此，我们需要一种替代材料，一种可以再生的材料，我们注意到了胚胎干细胞胚胎干细胞。
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It's the view that probably most of you believe, but again, it's worth noting that philosophically it can be challenged.
这是一种我们大多数人都相信的观点,但是再一次的,需要指出,从哲学讲它是站不住脚的
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If we weren't so pressed for time, I kinda wanna see how long we could get away with this before it gets awkward, but that, in fact, is an infinite loop t hat's hopefully deliberate.
如果有时间，我想看看,我们需要花多长时间解决这一问题，事实上，它是我故意,使用的无穷循环。
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We have to understand the way in which it's something that, if we're going to accept this point of view, we need to live with.
我们需要理解的是，如果我们接受某一观点，它就会如影随形地跟着我们。
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OK. So to do this, we need a little more abstract way of talking about efficiency, and so, the question is, how do we think about efficiency? Typically there's two things we want to measure.
好，为了达到这个目的,我们需要用一种有点，抽象的方式去讨论效率，这衍生出来,一个问题，我们该怎么去认识效率？,主要来说我们有两个要量化的东西。
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But it's always minding that team dynamic because at the end of the day, we're just a group of people working on one single goal If we can't step in a cohesive coordinative fashion, then we're going to trip all over the place.
但是团队动态需要始终放在心上,因为当这一阶段结束后，我们就会成为一群人在为同一个目标奋斗,如果我们不能成为一个相互协调相互统一的整体，那我们就会东扑西扑。
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Last year it was taught by Rafael Romeu, because John, Geanakoplos who usually teaches the course, was on leave and so we had to find someone else.
去年是由拉斐尔·罗梅乌执掌教鞭,因为通常教这门课的,约翰·吉纳科普洛斯请假了,所以我们需要聘请了另一名教授
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One of those sins, I think, that needs to be purged is clearly the sin of eagerness or over-anticipation, the drive to move ahead of oneself and the drive to get ahead of others .
我认为有一种罪孽需要净化，显然是欲望的罪孽,或过度预言的罪孽，想要超越自己,超越其他人,正如我们看到弥尔顿与术士们的竞争。
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So these moments of landscape description offer up that consistently Christian-inflected theory of the universe, that sense of transcendence as structure, as something that's moving inexorably, that will take all time to complete.
通过这些景象的描述,我们可以看到一种,一直受到基督教影响的,关于宇宙的理论，这种理论以超自然的感觉为主体，就像一些不为人的意志而转移，需要我们穷其一生去完成的事。
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Now, again, we go through these faster then you can write, and as you all know, the lecture notes are posted on the website, so if you need to go back and refresh your memory on these things you can.
现在我们再快速的过一遍以便大家记录,而且你们都知道,课堂笔记都挂在网上,所以如果你们需要温习,加强记忆,你们可以看看笔记
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It is going on for many years actually from the time of operation providr comfort with which I was involved in Northern Iraq when we realised that we would have civilian problems we need to develope civilian capacity to deal with these things.
这种状况已经持续了很多年了,从一开始在阿富汗北部,我参与的提供安慰行动,那时候我们就意识到我们缺少平民,我们需要更多的平民来解决这些问题。
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There sometimes will be homework assignments which sort of build on what we've done during the section but it's not a lab in that sense that it's a long experience in the afternoon or that requires any detailed reports.
有时候我们会有家庭作业,是关于这部分内容的,但这不是那种需要在实验室呆一整个下午,要提交细节翔实的报告的那种实验
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Another tangible way of understanding who won the battle and who didn't, is we winners, because we own the field, we can pick up the casualties, take care of those who can be saved, bury the ones who have been killed; we don't have to ask anybody's permission.
还有一种显而易见的,判断谁胜谁败的方法,我们占领了战场,我们就是胜方,我们清理战场,处置死伤者,医治能救活的人,埋葬阵亡的人,我们不需要征求任何人的同意
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The reason why we need positive psychology is to shift the pendulum from the 21:1 ratio that we have today: for every one study on depression or anxiety, we have 21 studies on-- sorry, for one study on happiness or wellbeing, we have 21 studies on depression and anxiety.
我们需要积极心理学是为了改变,现在的21比1这个比率：,每有一项关于抑郁或焦虑的研究，就有21项，对不起，应该是每有一项关于快乐或幸福的研究，就有21项关于抑郁或焦虑的研究。
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It's also important, once we start talking about molecules, to have a way to represent them, and also to be able to look at a shorthand notation for a certain molecule and understand what the bond is.
还有很重要一点是，一旦我们开始讨论分子，我们需要有一种表示它们的方法，而且能够从中看出,某些分子的简化符号，并得知键的类型。
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So, we need a new kind of mechanics, which is quantum mechanics, which will accurately explain the behavior of molecules on this small scale.
所以我们需要一种新的力学，也就是量子力学,来解释在这个,小尺度下分子的行为。
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Fast forward mid-semester when we talk about cryptography and scrambling information, we need the ability to express ourselves in words, not just numbers, and we have that already.
回想一下期中的时候，我们讨论过密码学,和一些不规则信息,我们需要话语来表达自己，而不是数字，其实我们已经有了。
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The one we started with-- you need the soul to explain the animation of the body-- that argument, I think, doesn't work.
我们一开始提到的那个观点,你需要灵魂来解释肉体的生命力,我想那个论点并不成立
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So we need to have a method not designed to give us unwarranted confidence.
因此我们需要一种不会给,我们这种无保证的自信的方法。
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So if delta v is negative, in this case delta v is negative, OK, delta v is negative, pressure is a positive number, negative times negative is positive, work is greater than zero.
也就是当活塞,压缩气体的时候，做的功是正的，按照这一规定,我们需要在这里，加上一个负号，这是习惯规定。
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What we've seen is a testing of the system -that we have regulatory requirements, that banks have enough capital -but this regulation is challenging because it's being stressed right now.
我们列举的这些案例都是对银行体系的考验,我们需要加强监管,以确保银行有充足的资本,但监管确实是一项艰巨的任务,因为现在面对的压力更大了
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What we're talking about is literariness--that is to say, certain devices that we can identify that perform a certain function -and maybe out of the identification of these devices, to evolve a theory that's more widespread.
我们谈的是文学性，是一种我们能够认知并运用来达到一定目的的策略,我们需要进一步发展这个策略，使这个理论进化并传播。
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Well a calorie technically--and this is again, not something that we would ever quiz you on but I just thought you might be interested to know-- that it's the energy required to raise one gram of water one degree centigrade, and we'll talk in a minute about you might go about measuring that.
理论上一卡路里,我重复下,这不是考试内容,但我想你们会感兴趣,一卡路里,是将一克水提升1℃所需要的热量,过会儿我们会讲如何测量
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But that's a little bit hard, we aren't all that good at seeing electrons with our eyes, so we need to think of a way to do this.
但那有一点困难，我们都不能通过眼睛看到电子，我们需要想一种方法去做到它。
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So then in order to figure out the complete number of valence electrons in our molecule, we just add 5 plus 4 plus 1.
那么接下来为了得到,这个分子中价电子的总个数，我们只需要将五加上四，再加上一。
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