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So, if we hybridize just these three orbitals, what we're going to end up with is our s p 2 hybrid orbitals.
我们会看到现在有3个未配对的电子，可以成键。
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So we started with 10 valence electrons, we used up 8 of those electrons in terms of making bonds.
我们一开始有十个价电子，然后用掉了八个电子来成键。
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If we take hydrogen peroxide in the liquid state, it can break down to form water and oxygen.
如果我们有一些液态的过氧化氢，它会分解成水和氧气。
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Even the citizens of our fellow democracies see us as morally bankrupt Question: How did things go so badly wrong?
即使我们民主联盟国家的公民,都觉得我们已经道德沦丧,问您一个问题，为什么事情会发展成这样？
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We could certainly implement this much more efficiently by just writing this one line of code, but, again, the key here is to take this step toward decomposing our code into chunks of code.
我们可以写这一行代码,使代码的执行更有效率，但是，这个关键字用来把我们的代码分解,成一段段的。
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And they wove them together into the form that we have now, and that is a process that is referred to as redaction or editing.
他们将它们编篡成我们现在看到的形式，这就是我们所说的编辑过程。
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There's no reason why these two attributes had to be proportional, but they are proportional and they are equal by choice of units and you can ask, "Is this just an accident or is it part of a big picture?"
我们不知道这两个质量为何成比例,但它们确实成比例,而且如果选择合适的单位还会相等,你会问,"这种情况纯属偶然,还是这只是物理学大体系的冰山一角"
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We were talking about the subdivision of that pulse, the organizing of that pulse into meters, and that we had this capacity to indicate what the meter was by these numbers: two-four, and three-four for duple and triple meter.
我们还讲到律动的进一步划分,将律动组织成拍子,与此同时我们能够用一些数字,来表示不同的拍子,比如,用二四拍和三四拍表示二拍子和三拍子
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Another thing we can do, a very important thing, is we can think about changing the game into a game of repeated interaction and seeing how much that helps, and we'll come back and revisit that later in the class.
另一个重要的东西是,我们可以考虑把单次博弈转化成,重复博弈,然后看看是否有效,我们以后再来学习这部分内容
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But we might then wonder, for every person who gets less than the average amount of life-- suppose we take the median, take the amount of life that's exactly, 50 percent of the people get more, 50 percent of the people get less.
但是接着我们可能会想，对于所有活得比平均寿命要短的人-,假设我们取中间数，相对于平均寿命，刚好五成的人活得更长，五成的人活得更短。
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They wouldn't have said that because it doesn't sound we want to think that we invented this here but it actually was a new invention in a way because the United States has a different philosophy which the United States has been committed since its beginning to federalism.
他们不会说,因为它听起来不像,这里我们希望大家把它想成我们自己的发明,但是事实上，它确实是一个新的发明,因为美国有一个不同的哲学,这个哲学是，美国力图从一开始就,使自己成为联邦制度国家。
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When we talk about gene expression than we're talking about this whole sequence of events I just described: transcription, RNA processing, translation to make the protein.
当我们谈到基因表达的时候,我们就是在讨论,一系列我们刚才提到的过程,即转录,RNA加工,翻译成蛋白质
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So we can have four total hydrogens bonding here, - and we can think about how to describe these carbon- carbon bonds.
我们这里一共有四个氢原子成键，我们可以考虑怎么来-,描述碳碳键。
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So we can think about now doing bonding, and now we have four equal orbitals with one electronic each.
我们现在可以考虑成键了，现在我们有4个等价的轨道，每个上面有1个电子。
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You call for us to return to our values, the values that define this country as a nation.
您呼吁我们重拾价值观，那些将我们凝聚成一个民族的价值观。
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So the result is we can combine all of these as a single differential, and just like we've seen before, what that suggests is that we define another new quantity given by this expression.
结果就是我们能把所有的结果,整理成一个单一的微分，就像我们前面看到的一样，这说明我们可以利用这个式子,定义一个新的物理量。
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We can tabulate them. We can know them, and then when we have reactions that inter-convert different compounds, we can calculate the heat of reaction is just the difference between the heat of formation of the reactants, and the heat of formation of the products, right.
种化合物的生成热，可以把它们列成表,可以认知它们，而当我们要处理，在不同化合物间转变的反应时,我们只要计算反应物和,生成物的生成热之间的不同,就能计算出反应热。
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And this spin magnetic quantum number we abbreviate as m sub s, so that's to differentiate from m sub l.
这个自旋磁量子数我们把它简写成ｍ下标ｓ,以和ｍ小标ｌ有所区分。
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So, we'll start today talking about the two kinds of molecular orbitals, we can talk about bonding or anti-bonding orbitals.
今天我们先来,讨论两种分子轨道，我们要讨论成键和反键轨道。
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we know that h is always terminal, right after the molecule that it's attached to.
我们知道氢原子永远都在末端，放到和它成键的分子的后面。
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We'll get more specific here, more specific even than just saying you can think of it as an orbital.
我们今天要更具体的讲一讲，要比,把它想成轨道，更加具体。
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So let's see, we started with 8 bonding electrons, and we used up only 4, so the answer is yes, we have 4 bonding electrons left.
那么让我们来看看，我们一开始有八个成键电子，然后只用掉了四个，因此答案应该是还有剩余，我们还剩下了四个成键电子。
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So specifically, what we do associate them instead is within molecular orbitals, and what we say is that they can be either in bonding or anti-bonding orbitals.
特别的，我们把它们和,分子轨道相联系起来，我们说它们可以成为,成键轨道或者反键轨道。
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But still, when we're talking about the radial probability distribution, what we actually want to think about is what's the probability of finding the electron in that shell?
但当我们讲到径向概率分布时,我们想做的是考虑，在某一个壳层里,找到电子的概率,就把它想成是蛋壳？
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So, if we think about the bonds that are forming -- oh I see our TAs are here, so you can start handing them out, because we have two minutes left to go.
如果我们考虑所成的键-,我看到助教们都来了，你们可以开始发讲义了，我们还有两分钟就下课了。
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So let's take the case of acetylene where we have two carbon atoms that are going to be triple bonded to each other, each are bonded to a carbon and then to one hydrogen.
让我们来看一看乙炔的例子,我们有两个碳原子,成三键，每个碳和一个碳一个氢相连。
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So, for starters we'll keep that as our zero energy, we're going to change it soon to make something that makes more sense in terms of bonding, but we'll keep that as zero for now.
因此，首先我们将会保持零点能的这个定义，但很快我们就会对它进行修改,使它在讨论成键时更合理，但是目前我们还是暂时采用这种定义。
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And when we talk about covalent bonds, there's 2 properties that we'll mostly focus on, and that's going to be thinking about the bond strength or the energy by which it stabilized when it bonds.
而当我们讨论共价键的时候，有两点特性是我们最关注的，那就是键的强度,或者说成键之后能量降低了多少。
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So if we name this orbital, this is an anti-bonding molecular orbital So we had bonding and now we're talking about anti-bonding.
这是反键分子轨道,我们有了成键，现在我们讨论反键。
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So we want to have constructive interference to form a bond, where as if we had destructive interference, we would not be forming a bond.
我们需要,相干相长来成键，如果，相干相消了，就不能成键，所以这时候。
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