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So we work to have all of our different product teams innovating around the things that we think are most important.
所以我们,有不同的产品团队,对我们最重视的产品进行创新。
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and we design a product from start to finish. And this year, the theme is food, so
我们负责一个产品从头到尾的设计。今年的主题是食品，所以
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We're selling everyday to hundreds of thousands of customers, and so it is an execution kind of business.
我们每天把产品,卖给成千上万的客户，所以也是重视执行的企业。
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The assumption we're going to change is the idea that products are identical.
我们要改变的是,产品是一样的,这个假设
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Marx, in the famous argument about commodity fetishism in Kapital, is comparing the way in which we take the product of human labor and turn it into a commodity by saying that it has objective value, by saying that we know what its value is in and of itself.
马克思在《资本论》里关于商品拜物教的著名论述中，比较了我们通过人类劳动创造产品,并将其转化为商品的方法,认为产品具有客观价值，认为我们知道它的价值存在于何并且知道它本身。
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It helps us understand Israel's God as the end product of familiar cultural processes, processes of convergence We see convergences of cultures all the time--and differentiation.
它帮助我们了解以色列的上帝,它作为相似文化过程的最终产品，集合的过程,我们一直能看到文化的融合，及保留差异。
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These, they are all really smart people, which is why we brought them and we want to leverage the fact that they have a lot of really good ideas and can do a lot of the stuff themselves, but how you make sure that it's conforming to standards, you know.
他们都是聪明人，我们雇佣他们,是看重他们有着绝佳的点子,并且拥有独立开发的能力，但你需要确保,这些点子以及产品都符合标准。
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And we had investors who were coming to us who were already users of the product.
我们有慕名而来的投资者,他们已经是这个产品的用户了。
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Out of that, most of our greatest new products have come.
我们大部分最优秀的产品，正是由此而来。
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And--and each of these companies owns thousands and thousands of brands and products, so they're very big and very powerful, but it's interesting that we think that the United States food companies are governing the world market.
这里提到的每家公司,都拥有数以千计的品牌和产品线,它们的发展都非常壮大,有意思的是,我们以为,美国的食品公司引领着全球市场
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and we have like, a lot of shampoos and products like for damaged hair
我们有，好多洗发水和别的产品用于受损的头发
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as far as it comes to, you know, where products come from, where products go and that sort of thing. But I mean,
我是说，像此类产品的发明，用途等等，我们从未想过。
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And I think sometimes on the teeter-totter of each of those three dimensions were teetering where I wish we were tottering a little more as our products are more complicated.
我想有时这就像坐跷跷板,三个维度都在摇晃不定，无法抉择,比我们的产品生产还复杂一些。
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Not that, if we altered you, that that product would want to have forever.
不是那种，如果我们改变你，不是那种想永远拥有的产品。
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How can you use cultured cells to do things, and how do engineers build new things out of cultured cells is going to be a subject we talk about throughout the rest of the course and the chapter is listed here.
如何利用这些培养好的细胞,工程师们如何用培养的细胞制造新产品,这是我们接下来的课程要讨论的主题,相关章节都列在这儿了
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So we'll figure out how much does it cost,
我们会对产品评估它的广告成本，
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So leaving aside the specific example of beer, you think about some product that has some dimension on which it varies, and we can use this model to see how competition is going to work in that market.
把啤酒的例子放在一边,你们自己想一些在某种程度上,有所不同的产品,我们使用这个模型来研究,这个市场的竞争是怎样的
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The way we're going to model differentiated products is to imagine, just to take a simple example, imagine a city and this city has one long straight road through it.
我们建立差异产品模型的方法,想象一下,举个简单的例子,想象一个被一条直路贯穿的城市
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The product is the story we're telling the world.
产品就是我们告诉世界的故事。
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So even though there's only two firms here, with price competition, identical products, we end up with an outcome that looks exactly like perfect competition, except for the fact there's only two firms.
尽管这里只有两家公司,进行某种产品的价格竞争,我们得到了,和完全竞争非常相似的结果,除了只有两家公司这个事实
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What we'll--later in the course we'll talk about how much of your body has been influenced by corn; how much of your diet is influenced by corn; how many products you touch in a given day have been derived in some way from corn.
我们会在以后的课堂上讲到,玉米对你身体有多少影响,玉米对你的日常饮食又有多少影响,一天之内你接触到的产品,有多少是由玉米加工而来的
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Well one reason I want to go back is you'll notice I've been putting up these lines on the board and when we visited elections on the second day, we said that you could think of that line on the board, as being not just left wing, right wing politics but also some dimension of products.
原因之一是我想你们将注意到,我在黑板上画了一条线,当我学习第二天学习的选举时,我们讲过你们可以想象黑板上有条线,不仅是左派和右派的政治家,还可以是某种产品特性
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We'll try some new products that are disaster.
我们试营过一些可称为灾难的新产品。
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