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By the time we get to 1644, this is the year that Areopagitica appears, we're well into the English Revolution.
到1644年，就是《论出版自由》出版的那一年，我们真正进入了英国革命。
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And the second and third years are totally up to you as to how you want to spend it.
第二年和第三年是由我们自由支配的。
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We find ourselves in today's reading, Areopagitica in the middle of the English Revolution, sometimes called the Puritan Revolution.
我们在今天的阅读中发现自己，《论出版自由》,在英国革命，也就是有时被称为清教改革，的过程中。
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So what this line of reasoning brings us to is the fundamental principle that underlies the libertarian case for rights.
这些推理把我们带回到,自由主义的权利主张,所隐含的基本原则。
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There is in us at least an element that is free, independent, serving nothing, autonomous.
我们的人性中至少还有一种元素，它是自由的，独立的，而且不依据其他事物存在而存在。
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And you think that's because our constitution that protects it? I mean do you think... I think to a very considerable extent, it is.
你觉得这要归功于我们宪法,对言论自由的保护？还是说。,我觉得在一定程度上是的。
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So, I just want to write a few examples down with a few values for delta u or delta H or delta S, and see whether we can get any clues from what we see.
我先写一些例子,例子包含一些内能，自由焓和熵的变化数值，然后看从中,我们能不能得到一些启示。
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However, in our culture today, we don't give ourselves the permission to be human, the freedom to experience these painful emotions as well.
然而在当今的文化中，我们不准许自己为人，也没有体会痛苦情绪的自由。
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If a deterministic system could nonetheless have free will, we could still be purely physical systems.
如果一个决定论系统能在此情况下,仍然拥有自由意志,我们仍可能只是纯粹的物理系统
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We usually think of individual freedom and security as the purpose of the separation of power.
我们通常认为,个人自由与安全,是分权的目的。
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So the values that I discuss, our liberty and democracy and equality and justice.
我所探讨的价值观，我们的自由，民主，平等以及公正。
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The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear, like free will, consciousness, morality and emotions, and that's what we'll begin the course with, talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life.
我们所拥有的一切的生理基础,如自由意志,意识,道德和情绪,我们的课程将会以此作为开始,讨论生理的东西如何能产生心理活动
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I think it's great, like the amount of, like, freedom they give us to, like, choose classes
我觉得很棒，它给我们的自由很多，比如选课，
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We must wonder whether the power of modern weapons will allow it and the world to survive at such a price.
我们必须质疑现代武器的力量能否,维系自由和这个世界的存在
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You can pick out words that are identical. The purpose of the law is to "establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty."
你可以找出完全相同的话，法律的目的是,“树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们後代,能安享自由带来的幸福“
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So, if we want to go from that stable state to that less stable state, we need to put in a certain amount of energy to our system, that difference between the free electron and the electron bound to the metal.
所以，如果我们想使电子,从稳态到达不够稳定的状态，我们需要引入一定数量的,能量到系统中，即自由电子和束缚于金属的,电子的能量差。
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Some of the most open exercises of states' rights, of course, before the 1850s, were conducted by Northerners, like in the Hartford Convention of 1814, like in personal liberty laws that we'll come to a bit later.
州政府最早开始尝试行使权力,还是在十九世纪五十年代之前,由北方人主导的,就像1814年的哈特福德公约,就像我们马上要说到的个人自由法
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Of course, because people my age are more free than people who are older in my country.
当然，因为在我们国家，像我这么大的人比年纪大一些的人更自由。
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because our classes are in such a way where we get to pick what classes we take.
因为我们能自由选择我们想上的课。
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Even though God knew exactly what Adam and Eve would do -that they would eat the fruit -we still have to be able to say that they ate the fruit freely out of their own free will.
甚至可以说上帝完全了解亚当夏娃接下来要做的,-他们会去偷吃禁果,-我们还是可以这样说的,他们处于自由的想法之下，偷吃了禁果。
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So one answer to the question is why can't I give up my natural rights to life, liberty, and property is well, they're not, strictly speaking, yours.
第一个答案解释了为什么我们不能放弃,我们的生命，自由和财产权利，因为严格来说，它们不是自己的。
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And the bigger lesson from that is that entropy, unlike energy u or enthalpy H, we could define an absolutely number for it.
热力学第三定律的一个更重要的推论是,与内能和自由焓不同，我们可以给上定义一个绝对的数值。
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And, it follows from him that political liberty means the freedom to act where the law is silent, as he says.
而他的政治自由意味着,我们可以在法律所认可的范畴内,享有充分的行动自由。
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The similes are for him instrument in the poem's larger agenda to reinforce our faith in the coexistence of free will and divine providence -- difficult, huge concepts.
这些比喻在这首诗更深的议程中是作为工具,来深化我们对自由意志和神圣天命的共存,所持的信念--这是两个艰深宏大的概念。
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And this law of nature constrains what we can do even though we are free, even though we are in the state of nature.
这种自然法制约着我们的行为,即便我们是自由的，即便是在自然状态下。
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For instance, when we deal with one another in a legal and a moral setting, we think in terms of free will and responsibility.
举个例子,当我们在一套法律和道德系统中,与其他人相处时,我们会从自由意志和责任的角度进行思考
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We don't refer--we have no reason to refer, - if we respect the autonomy of the poem as such, we don't refer-- we don't appeal to an authorial intention.
我们不能，我是说如果我们尊重，诗歌的意志自由的话，我们不能也没有理由-,为诗歌加上作者的意图。
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It's a very broad and free flowing range of topics.
我们学的内容非常广泛和自由。
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We all have our version of trying to wrestle with this: if God knows what you're going to do tomorrow, to what extent does it make sense to say that what you do tomorrow you do freely?
我们都有自己试图解决这个问题的方式：,如果上帝压根儿就知道我们明天要做什么，那么，说着明天会自由的从事自己想做的事情,究竟又有什么意义呢？
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This one turns out to be the heat capacity, and this one turns out to be something that we measure in the Joule-free expansion.
其实，这就是热容，这是焦耳自由膨胀实验中,我们要测量的物理量。
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