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You would first get exposed in children-- in childhood and then at a point when you're susceptible to the disease.
在儿童期这个较容易受病毒感染时期,第一次接触该病毒,就会引起发病
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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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The idea being if I find a pattern across multiple people's computers maybe all of those people are infected with the same kind of malware or virus or worm.
如果我从不同人的计算机中发现了一个模型,这就说明,所有那些人的计算机都感染了相同的,恶意软件，病毒或蠕虫。
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That's important, too, because you need to be able to tell if the virus is present in the human population.
这一点也非常重要,因为你要能够分辨出,人群中是否有人感染了天花病毒
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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.
在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行
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The kinds of viruses that we get when we have colds are very good at infecting the respiratory system.
我们感冒时感染的各种感冒病毒,就非常精于感染呼吸系统
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So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.
这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧
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What if you're talking about a group of people that don't have any cows in their vicinity, let alone a sick cow?
万一你遇到一群人,他们附近连头奶牛都没有,更不用说受病毒感染的奶牛
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AIDS is a tremendous problem, deaths from HIV infection and AIDS a tremendous problem in Africa and other parts of the world.
艾滋病是一个巨大的问题,在非洲和世界其他地方,艾滋病毒感染和艾滋病带来的死亡,是一个巨大的问题
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine.
因此,那些病例的发病的原因,是被那些疫苗中携带的,没有被完全杀死的病毒感染
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The whole category of diarrheal diseases, caused by viruses called enteroviruses, where they, it infects your gut.
所有种类的腹泻,都是由肠道病毒引起的,它们感染了肠道
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Usually viruses have certain kinds of cells they want to infect or that they're capable of infecting.
通常病毒倾向于或者有能力,感染某些种类的细胞
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If you get a flu that affects your intestinal system then those viruses are infecting gut cells.
而影响肠道系统的流感病毒,就可以感染肠道细胞
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You infect them with the virus, and you let the cells, in culture, produce the virus.
再用病毒感染它们,使培养基中的细胞产生病毒
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So, Hepatitis is already infecting cells of their liver, their liver is actively making new virus.
乙肝病毒已经感染了他们的肝细胞,他们的肝脏正在迅速地产生新的病毒
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You breathe it in, it infects the cells of your respiratory tract, and the virus begins to reproduce, and then it spreads throughout your body.
你将之吸入,病原体感染了呼吸道细胞,病毒开始繁殖,接着传遍你的全身
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One is that you got to get the vaccine from cows, so you got to have an infected cow in order to produce the vaccine.
一是,你若要想从奶牛身上得到疫苗,那就得有一头奶牛感染病毒
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Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.
然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主
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There's other viruses that infect cells of the brain, of the kidney, of the liver.
另外还有能感染脑细胞,肾细胞和肝细胞的病毒
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Right, but if you just got the primary exposure, wouldn't the secondary response automatically-- not a booster shot, just the secondary response, because you were exposed?
但这时你已经获得这样的初次免疫,而因为你已经天然感染过该病毒,那么,在没有加强针的情况下,二次免疫是否无法自动发生
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Think for a minute about what happens if you get infected with a virus.
想一想,如果你被病毒感染了会怎么样
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They often kill the cells that they infect, and that's a problem with viruses.
它们经常杀死被感染的细胞,这是病毒的一大危害
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Now, all you have to do is introduce that virus into an organism and the virus will do what it naturally does, which is infect some cells.
剩下你要做的就是将之导入某个生物,病毒自己就会做好自己的本分,也就是去感染细胞
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In many cases, it affects--it also initiates its infection through the gut.
在很多情况下,它也同样是一种经消化道感染病毒
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So if you got infected with smallpox, you got the disease.
如果你感染了天花病毒,就会得这种病
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Adenoviruses are viruses that give upper respiratory infections, they cause colds.
腺病毒可以感染上呼吸道,引起感冒
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These released particles can now go on and infect neighboring cells, they can travel in the bloodstream to infect cells at a distance and the virus spreads throughout a multicellular host.
这些释放出的病毒颗粒,可以继续感染邻近的细胞,它们可以随着血流去感染远距离的细胞,于是病毒可以在多细胞宿主体内全面扩散
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So, one that perhaps does not reproduce in such high numbers that you create an overwhelming infection, but one that still goes through its lifecycle but is limited in its effect.
因此,一方面这些病毒不会大量复制,从而不会导致暴发性的感染,另一方面,它依旧在进行生命周期循环,只不过对其效用进行了限制
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So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.
我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖
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