The last reported case of smallpox in the-- naturally occurring smallpox, was in 1977, a man in Somalia was infected.

最后一例天花报告,自然产生的天花,是在一九七七年,一个索马里人感染了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now if you smiled to-- or make three people smile, and these three people-- each one makes three other people smile.

如果你的笑-,感染了三个人，这三个人-,每个人又引起另外三人发笑。

哈佛公开课 - 幸福课课程节选

That's important, too, because you need to be able to tell if the virus is present in the human population.

这一点也非常重要,因为你要能够分辨出,人群中是否有人感染了天花病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The idea being if I find a pattern across multiple people's computers maybe all of those people are infected with the same kind of malware or virus or worm.

如果我从不同人的计算机中发现了一个模型,这就说明,所有那些人的计算机都感染了相同的,恶意软件，病毒或蠕虫。

哈佛公开课 - 计算机科学课程节选

With a lot of morally intuitive appeal, Bentham's idea is the following, the right thing to do; the just thing to do is to maximize utility.

充满了道德上的直观感染力，其观点如下，正确的选择，公正的选择,就是最大化功利。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

And then he had an infection, had to have surgery.

然后他感染了，不得不做手术。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

And there are many reasons for this, our success in eliminating infectious diseases as causes in the developed world.

还有很多原因,在发达国家我们成功地消灭了感染性疾病

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.

在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.

这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

In contrast today, because we have antibiotics and we have vaccines, people don't die of infectious diseases as often.

相反,在现在,因为我们有了抗生素和疫苗,死于感染性疾病的人就不像以前那么多

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.

所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, Hepatitis is already infecting cells of their liver, their liver is actively making new virus.

乙肝病毒已经感染了他们的肝细胞,他们的肝脏正在迅速地产生新的病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

That had a remarkable effect on reducing transmission of infectious diseases, in doctor's offices and hospitals.

这显著的减少了,在医生的办公室和医院内部,感染性疾病的传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So if you got infected with smallpox, you got the disease.

如果你感染了天花病毒,就会得这种病

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, a virus is not capable of reproducing on its own, so if you got a virus into your body somehow and it didn't enter any of your cells, it would cause no damage because it could not reproduce.

病毒自身并不能繁殖,所以如果你的身体感染了病毒,而病毒没有进入细胞的话,因其不能繁殖所以不会对身体造成伤害

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

In other places, infectious disease is a much bigger part of their life and a much greater risk of death from infectious diseases and parasitic diseases if you live in places other than the U. S. or Western Europe, for example.

在其他地区,感染性疾病,对当地人们的生活构成了更大威胁,他们死于感染性疾病或者,寄生虫之类疾病风险更高,如果你生活在,美国或欧洲之外的地方的话

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The whole category of diarrheal diseases, caused by viruses called enteroviruses, where they, it infects your gut.

所有种类的腹泻,都是由肠道病毒引起的,它们感染了肠道

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You breathe it in, it infects the cells of your respiratory tract, and the virus begins to reproduce, and then it spreads throughout your body.

你将之吸入,病原体感染了呼吸道细胞,病毒开始繁殖,接着传遍你的全身

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Think for a minute about what happens if you get infected with a virus.

想一想,如果你被病毒感染了会怎么样

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Why the change in infectious diseases?

为什么感染性疾病致死率发生了变化

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

There weren't people that got infected, like you can get infected with hepatitis B or tuberculosis, and not even know you're infected.

这不像人们感染了,像B型肝炎或者肺结核这类病时,都有可能不知道自己被感染了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Here's a DNA virus, it infects a cell.

这是一个DNA病毒,它感染了一个细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选