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So, and of course, you know, keeping entropy as a fixed variable for a system like that is extremely cumbersome.
所以，对这样的系统要求它们的熵保持恒定,和一个非常笨拙做法。
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To ask questions like how much heat is released in a chemical reaction that takes place at constant temperature.
当我们想要知道,当一个化学反应在恒定的温度下发生时,会放出多少热量时。
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Or another way of saying it is, we're going to use as the basic steps, those operations that run in constant time, so arithmetic operations.
我们用可以在恒定时间内完成的操作,算法，比较,内存读取。
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The angle is increasing at a steady rate, so we know it's going at a steady speed.
转过的角度以恒定速率增加,所以我们知道它以一个恒定的速度运动
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Well that process of control to maintain a constant environment inside our body, whether it's an environment of constant mass or constant composition, or constant temperature, is called homeostasis.
这个控制过程维持着,体内环境的恒定,不论是内环境中物质的量的稳定,或者成分的稳定,或温度的稳定,这种状态叫做内稳态
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Whereas under these conditions, these quantities, if you look at free energy change, for example at constant temperature and pressure, H you can still calculate H.
但是，在这些条件下，这些物理量，如果我们考察自由能的变化,例如在恒定的温度和压强下，我们仍然可以计算。
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And in particular let's look at, for example, du/dV du/dV at constant temperature.
更特殊一点考察，恒定温度下的。
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dS/dV And that, now, we know must equal dS/dV, with a positive sign. At constant temperature.
我们知道这个等于恒定温度下的，符号为正。
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So this is still adiabatic. It's insulated, but now it's constant volume, OK.
这仍然是绝热的，是隔热的，但现在它的体积是恒定的。
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So let's see. The first line, that print thing, is obviously constant, right?
显然是恒定的，对吧？,就把他当成一些固定的操作？
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This particle is constantly changing its direction, but it therefore has an acceleration and the acceleration, we have shown here, is pointing towards the center.
这个质点恒定地改变它的运动方向,因此它具有加速度,而且这个加速度,我们前面也讲过了,指向圆心
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Now, you know with constant volume, H now it's not going to be delta H that's U straightforward to measure, it's going to be dealt u, all right.
好，现在你们知道在体积恒定的条件下，我们得到的不是Δ,我们直接测量到的是Δ,好，但这基本上也是一样的。
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It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.
这就是态函数，我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下，然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。
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And so, again, we see a temperature increase, and we know the work, and the temperature increase, it's a constant pressure thing.
好，我们看到温度升高了，然后我们有做功量和温度的升高量，这是一个恒定压力下的值。
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OK, so we have constant temperature, because it's isothermal.
好，现在系统有恒定的温度，因为它是绝热的。
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Because so much of what we do in chemistry does take place with constant temperature and pressure.
因为化学中我们所做的很多东西,都是在恒定的温度和压强下进行的。
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You know how pressure changes with temperature at constant volume if you know the equation of state.
如果你知道状态方程,知道在体积恒定的时压强如何随着温度变化。
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p Well, it's not just p dS/dV because there's some dS/dV at constant T.
它不是简单的,因为式子中还包含，恒定温度下的。
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That is, it's easy to write down straight away that dG with respect to temperature at constant pressure S is minus S.
这就是说，可以很简单的写出dG在,恒定压强下对温度的偏导数,是负。
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V So this nR over V. And then, using the relation again, T we can just write this as p over T.
恒定温度下的dp/dT等于nR除以，再次利用状态方程，可以把它写成p除以。
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A It tells me that the partial of A with respect to T at constant V is minus S. Right?
他告诉我们,在恒定体积下对温度的微分等于负S，对吗？
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There's our condition for equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure.
这就是我们在,恒定温度和压强下的平衡条件。
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dV dT Is equal to minus dV/dT at constant pressure.
它等于，负的恒定压强下的。
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Yes, and if we have gases involved, it's pretty similar, but now what will have is something like this. We'll have a reaction vessel that's sealed, it's constant volume.
如果涉及了气体，情况也很相似，只是现在的装置是这样的,我们有一个密封的反应容器,它的体积是恒定的。
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If I'm the system, what's constant when I do this?
什么量是恒定的？有人有什么想法吗？
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First, we got to make sure the spring exerts a fixed force every time.
首先,要保证,弹簧每次产生的力是恒定的
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SV And this is, of course, with constant S V.
当然在这里是保持恒定的。
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Well, we already know what dA/dT at constant V is.
我们知道恒定体积下的。
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First, free velocity, constant velocity can be obtained for free without doing anything.
首先,速度是无偿的,恒定速度不需外力作用就能无偿获得
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dG/dp And this is dG/dp at constant temperature.
这是恒定温度下的。
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