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OK, now what I want to do is just describe a little bit of how do you measure all this stuff, right?
好，现在我要做的就是,介绍一下怎样来测量这些东西？
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And then a lot of theory like, what is dress and how do people use it to evoke emotions and stuff, so.
有很多的理念，比如什么是连衣裙，人们怎样用它来表达情感，诸如此类。
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And the question is how does poverty fit into that question of life issues, with the prolife, with the death penalty.
问题是，贫困问题,是怎样和反堕胎，死刑等问题一同，被纳入生命这个话题中来的。
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He is exclusively concerned with fiction and how we read fiction, how we come to understand fiction, and how we determine the meaning of a work of fiction.
他只关注文学，以及我们怎样读文学，怎样来理解文学，怎样确定一部文学作品的意义。
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The problem is the same, how do I get the gene that I want into only the cells that I want?
同样的问题又来了,怎样准确地,把目的基因只导入特定细胞呢
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So, let's consider some people got it wrong, however, and let's see where that wrong answer might have come from, or actually, more importantly, let's see how we can all get to the correct answer.
我们来考虑一下为什么有些人做错了，然而我们来看看,这个错误的答案从何而来，或者事实上更重要的，我们来看看怎样才能都得到正确答案。
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So, how do you go from just numbers, zeros and ones to actually useful information?
那么，你该怎样由这些数字0和,1来表述有用信息？
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Let's see, we've talked about-- let's talk about hearing, how we hear these melodies.
看看吧,我们已经讨论过,我们讨论要怎样来聆听这些旋律
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Now, I want to draw-- what if we write 10,000 policies?
现在我来画...,如果签了10000份保单会怎样
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How do I get your numbers in terms of my numbers?
我怎样用我的系数来表示你的系数呢
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That's how we're organizing the company internally.
这是我们怎样从内部来组织公司。
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And let's consider what those moral principles look like.
我们来细想下这些道德原则都是怎样的。
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It could be multiple versions. And we're going to come back throughout the term to think about how to code programs that reflect this.
可能是一种形式也可能是多种形式,我们再回到递归这个术语上来,用它来思考怎样编出。
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How would you have had the great Greek playwrights, they would argue, without the system, the world the Greeks were able to create with the Helots?
还有伟大的古希腊戏剧家是怎样来的,没有这个制度,希腊人怎能用奴隶创造昔日的繁荣
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So it's not that the result is going to be that I'm going to try to convince you that death isn't bad, but it takes actually a little bit of work to pin down precisely what is it about death that's bad and how can it be death?
所以，这么说,并不是我试图让你相信死亡不是坏事，但是这的确要花点时间来准确地说清楚,什么让死亡成了坏事，和怎样才算死亡？
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So tell me a little bit about yourself, where you came from? How you arrived to be the first Muslim chaplain at Princeton University?
那么告诉我一些关于你自己的事吧，你从哪里来？怎样成为普林斯顿大学,第一个穆斯林教士的呢？
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Now in order to illustrate the way in which what Iser calls virtual work gets done in this regard, let me just run through a few passages quickly.
现在，为了阐释,在这点上，伊瑟尔所说的虚功是怎样做的，下面我们来快速地浏览几段话。
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So having a place that the cell knows - where the cell knows how to replicate is important and so plasmids have an origin of replication.
所以得有一个细胞能识别的区域,能使细胞知道,怎样来复制 这很重要,因此质粒上带有一个复制起点
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So, we can use Coulomb's force law to think and it does that, it tells us the force is a function of that distance. But what it does not tell us, which if we're trying to describe an atom we really want to know, is what happens to the distance as time passes?
来考虑这两个粒子之间的,它告诉我们力随距离的函数关系,但它不能告诉我们，而我们如果要描述,原子又非常想知道的是,距离随时间的变化时怎样的？
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And if the government didn't provide for the poor as ten percent as you say through taxation, then we would need more money for police to prevent crime and so, either way, there would be more taxes taken away to provide " what you guys call the necessary things that the government provides.
如果政府不能,通过税收来补贴你所提到的10%的穷人，则需要花更多的钱雇警力来防止犯罪,所以，不管怎样，都需要交更多的税,提供你们所说的政府该提供的“必需品。
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Now let's go on here to listen to some music of Rossini-- composer Gioachino Rossini-- coming after Mozart, and he likes chord progressions too, so we're going to listen to a passage of Rossini and see what he does by way of his chord selection.
我们继续，在莫扎特之后我们要听的音乐来自罗西尼-,作曲家焦阿基诺，罗西尼，他也很喜欢用和弦进行，我们来听一下罗西尼的片段，看看他是怎样选择和弦的。
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So it does that for us so that you can get away with just knowing the address of the first byte and it will make sure that you know when to stop by including the special value so, in fact, get the string if you type in a three-letter word, we allocate four bytes no matter what because we need an additional byte 0 for this special sentinel value back slash zero at the very end.
它为我们做了这些事情，这样我们就可以,通过第一个字节的地址,它还可以通过包含一个特殊的值,来保证在哪里停止，如果你输入了一个三个字母的单词,就可以获得那个字符串，不管怎样，我们分配四个字节,因为我们在末端需要一个额外的字节,来保存这个特殊的标志值--反斜杠。
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We'll talk about cells and how they work, how cells in different parts of the body are different, why, and how they contribute to tissues at a very sort of simple level so that you can understand this as we start thinking about using cells for engineering purposes.
我们将会谈论细胞,它们如何工作,身体不同的部位细胞有怎样的不同,为什么它们有所不同,以及这些细胞如何,以十分简单的方式形成组织,这样当我们开始考虑用细胞,来满足工程目的时,你会更容易理解
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Or what - and often it's not going to be just one gene, it's going to be combinations of genes, and how do you predict the fate of the individual based on all of the genes that you know to be involved in progression of a certain disease.
有时候甚至都不仅仅是一个基因的问题,引发疾病的是一些不同基因的组合,并且怎样基于,导致某种特定疾病的所有基因,来预测一个人未来是否会患这种疾病呢
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I can change everything overnight; it does happen. I put that in for a reason because sometimes some of you have not taken a physics course and you don't know how to do well in physics and slowly you catch on and by the time it's Final exam you crack the code; you know how to do well.
我能一夜之间扭转乾坤,确实有过这样的例子,我这样做是因为,有时你们中有人可能以前没上过物理课,不知道怎样学好物理,但慢慢地你赶了上来,到期末考试的时候,你忽然灵光一闪,考起试来得心应手
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I left out the noble gases here because they do something a little bit special, and actually, I'm going to give you one last clicker question today to see if you can tell me what you think noble gases do.
我并没有把稀有气体算在里面,因为它们的电子亲和能有点特别，实际上，我将会把这作为今天的,最后一个选择题，来请大家告诉我,你们觉得稀有气体电子亲和能应该是怎样的。
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But not only do we believe that, we have the science that teaches us how to read it as it's read 1400 years ago.
但是我们不仅仅相信，还有专门的学科,来叫我们怎样和1400年一样去诵读。
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Let's step back from these stories and these arguments to notice a couple of things about the way the arguments have begun to unfold.
让我们暂时先不忙讨论这些故事以及争论,来关注一下这些争论是怎样展开的。
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So, I said, okay, I didn't want to assume so we clicked senior and frankly it was then a dead end because apparently to get some senior discount you need to have some special pass or something like this that we didn't have and yet that certainly wasn't obvious here so now we together and this person in particular had to figure out how you go back and then restart this process.
我说，好的，我不希望揣测，所以我点击了老人票,然后问题就来了，因为似乎,需要特殊的号码之类的东西来购买老年票,但是我们没有,明显我们不应该走这步,现在我们一起必须找出,怎样返回，然后重新开始这个步骤。
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The problem it solves for the cell is how to do I make a barrier around myself to define what's in me and what's outside of me when most of what's around me and what's in me is water.
它为细胞解决的问题是,当我体外和体内大部分都是水情况下,我怎样在自己周围设置一个界线,来区分什么是体内的,什么是体外的
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