We eat different kinds of things and many people think that that's what has contributed to much more heart disease.

许多人认为,我们吃许多不同的食物,这是导致更多人患心脏病的原因

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This first slide shows a graph of the impact of having metabolic syndrome on heart disease and its consequences.

这张图表明了代谢综合征,对心脏病的影响以及造成的结果

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

We're going to talk a lot about how one can use the technology that we have now to treat these kinds of diseases like cancer and heart disease.

我们会讲到,如何利用现有的技术,来治疗像心脏病和癌症这样的疾病

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, many people have relatives they know of that have had to have their heart imaged -- heart disease is a major problem in the United States, and there's a good chance that they had Cardiolite given to them to help in that imaging process.

它被用在心脏成像中,很多人都有一些亲戚他们-,必须要做心脏成像，心脏病已经是美国的一个主要问题,而很有可能他们就要用到Cardiolite来成像。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And then not surprisingly, vegetables and fish, and there is research as well showing that moderate alcohol intake is linked to lower risk of heart disease.

接下来是蔬菜和鱼,这并不足为奇,还有研究表明,适量饮酒可以降低心脏病的患病风险

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Now you get interesting relationships here because diet is related to heart disease, it's related to cancer, it's related to stroke, and it's related to Diabetes.

你可以找到一些有趣的联系,因为饮食与心脏病,癌症,中风和糖尿病都有关系

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

So people were dying of old age and that was really heart disease that was killing them they just didn't know, so it's multi-factorial and we'll talk about that.

老死的人实际是死于心脏病,只不过人们不知道这一点罢了,这是个多因素的问题,我们以后会进一步探讨

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

There was The Seven Country Study, which was like The Framingham Study, where heart disease risk factors were mentioned, but he also did a very famous study on people starving.

这里提到的七国研究,性质和弗明汉研究差不多,主要研究的是影响心脏病的危险因素,他还做了一项著名的关于人们挨饿的研究

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Things like heart disease and cancer are down the list.

像心脏病和癌症占的比例很小

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

It's--that's a very different process than testing a drug, where if you had a drug for heart disease, you would give it to patients that had heart disease and see if you had an impact.

这与药物的临床试验截然不同,如果对一种治疗心脏病的药进行临床试验,你可以将药分发给,心脏病患者并观察药效

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

As a consequence, he and other researchers then started looking into the lifestyles of people in these various countries to see what might help explain these differences in heart disease.

看到这样的结果,凯斯和其他研究员,开始研究七个国家人们的生活方式,看看是什么原因造成了,心脏病发病率之间的差异

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

These kinds of fats are not necessarily bad, and so things like olive oil in the diet tends to be protective and may explain some regional variations in rates of heart disease.

这些脂肪就不一定有害,所以饮食中橄榄油之类的对身体是有益的,这也解释了地域间心脏病发病率的差异

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

This is a picture of Bill Kannell on the right and Bill Castelli on the left who were physicians who were very prominent in this Framingham Heart Study over the years.

右边是比尔·堪奈尔的照片,左边是比尔·凯斯特利,他们都是这么多年弗明汉心脏病研究中,表现杰出的医生

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Those same estimates say that if you could turn that around, that if the world could eat the recommended level of fruits and vegetables, that you'd reduce the prevalence of heart disease by 31%.

反过来说就是,如果大家都能食用适量的水果和蔬菜,那心脏病的普遍性将降低31%

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

It was launched in 1948 by The National Heart Institute, that later is now called The National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, the NHLBI.

这项研究是1948年,由国家心脏病学会提出的,该学会之后更名为,国家心肺血液研究所,简称NHLBI

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Now, figure in the fact that smoking is playing a role, physical activity is playing a role, still just changing fruit and vegetable consumption potentially could reduce heart disease worldwide by this much: stroke by 19% and some cancers by as much as 20%.

实际上吸烟和运动都对此有影响,即使将这些因素都考虑进去,仅仅改变水果和蔬菜的摄入量仍然能,在全球范围内减少这么多的心脏病得病率,中风减少19%而某些癌症减少达20%

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

It worked for them, they didn't have all these chronic diseases like we have, now they had other challenges, infectious diseases primarily, but they didn't have the chronic diseases like we have, like cancer, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., and Diabetes particularly.

这曾对祖先们奏效,他们不像我们会得一些慢性疾病,但他们要面对其他的挑战,主要是传染性疾病,但他们不像我们那样受着慢性疾病的困扰,如癌症,心脏病,高血压和高脂血等,特别是糖尿病

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

MI stands for heart attack, myocardial infarction, and in this case you see an even bigger differential of people with a metabolic syndrome having even more elevated risk then they did for stroke.

I表示心脏病发作,心肌梗塞,在此可以看到患有代谢综合征的患者,比非患者心脏病发病风险更高

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

In this case, death from heart disease and what you see here, and I'll tell you what relative risk is in just a minute, but this is basically risk for disease over on this axis and here its weight.

在这幅图里是心脏病致死的,我会简短地介绍一下相对风险的定义,Y轴表示患病风险,X轴表示体重

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选