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Consciousness, if what we mean by consciousness is this qualitative aspect of our mental life, consciousness remains a pretty big mystery.
如果我们所说的意识,就是指我们心理活动定性的方面,那么意识还是一个很大的谜团
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Reptiles and birds have a little bit about it--of it— and primates have a lot and humans have a real lot.
爬行类和鸟类只有很少的心理活动,灵长类有很多,而人类的心理活动就非常多了
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When there's a contradiction in our heads we're not happy and will take steps to make the contradiction go away.
当我们的心理活动出现矛盾时,我们会不安，会采取办法,让这种矛盾消失。
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Fish don't have any of that, so no offense to fish but it's— fish don't have much of a mental life.
鱼类并没有大脑皮层,无意冒犯鱼类,只不过,鱼类并没有什么心理活动
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Because remember I said that, typically, when you hear a sentence you make --you manufacture in your mind gaps between the words.
你们记得我之前说过,通常来说,当你听到一个句子时,你会通过心理活动,在词与词之间创造出间隔
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To put it the way cognitive scientists and psychologists and neuroscientists like to put it, "The mind is what the brain does."
认知学家,心理学家,以及神经学家,总结道,"心理是大脑活动的产物"
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But I also have a weakness for the less common mental disorders that I think tell us something really interesting about mental life.
但我对那些不太常见的心理障碍,也并不是非常了解,不过我倒认为这些不常见的心理障碍,却向我们展示了心理活动有意思的一面
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Not quite right. When people are-- have an internal conflict, when there's something uncomfortable-- Well, that's right.
这说得不是很正确，当人们…,心理活动产生矛盾时，当他们碰到不安的情况时-,这是对的。
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I want to end by talking about the two halves of the brain and ask the question, "How many minds do you have?"
我想以讨论大脑两半球来作为结尾,问一个问题,"你们有多少种心理活动"
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But what's new is we can now in different ways see the direct effects of mental life.
但最新的情况是,我们现在可以从不同的角度出发,探究心理活动所带来的直接影响
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The mind reflects the workings of the brain just like computation reflects the working of a computer.
心理反映了大脑的活动,就像运算结果反映了计算机的运行一样
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We will go over and over and over again different case studies where some really interesting aspects of mental life prove to be unconscious.
我们会反复地讨论一些不同的个案研究,这些个案研究都证明了,心理活动的某些方面确实是无意识的。
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And this suggests that the ability to learn language and understand language is to some extent separate from these other aspects of mental life.
这表明学习语言和理解语言的能力,在某种程度上是独立于,其他方面的心理活动的
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Studies using imaging techniques like CAT scans, PET, and fMRI, illustrate that different parts of the brain are active during different parts of mental life.
应用电脑断层扫描,正电子发射断层扫描,以及功能性核磁共振成像,等成像技术的研究,表明不同的心理活动,会导致不同大脑区域的激活
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You may choose to embrace dualism, reject the idea that the brain is responsible for mental life, and reject the promise of a scientific psychology.
你也可以选择身心二元论,拒绝承认大脑引起心理活动,看低科学心理学的前景
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but rather, why is this tiny subset of mental life-- " why is this conscious?
而应该是“为什么心理活动的一小部分-,为什么这一小部分是有意识的？
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So the right question to ask may not be, " "Why are some things unconscious?"
因此，问题或许不该是，“为什么有些心理活动是无意识的“
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There are Freudian theories that dreams are disguised with fulfillment and other things.
弗洛依德学说认为梦境是,欲望和其他心理活动的伪装。
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So, the question is, "How can something like this give rise to us?"
那么 问题便是,"这样的东西,是如何引起我们的心理活动的"
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Now, all of these parts of the brains are essential and many of them are implicated in interesting psychological processes but where the action is is the cortex.
所有的这些脑组织都是必不可少的,它们中的许多都会参与到心理活动之中,但其实真正的反应则发生在大脑皮层
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there is strong evidence that the brain is involved in mental life.
大量有力证据证明,大脑参与了人类的心理活动
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Now, so what you have is- the scientific consensus is that all of mental life including consciousness and emotions and choice and morality are the products of brain activities.
现在你们知道了,现有的科学共识是,所有的心理活动,包括意识,情绪,选择,道德,都是大脑活动的产物
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As we will learn throughout the course, by far the vast majority of what our brains do, the vast majority of what our minds do, is unconscious and we're unaware of it.
正如我们将会在这门课中了解到的，尤其是绝大多数的大脑活动，绝大多数的心理活动，其实都是无意识的，是无法察觉到的。
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The second bit of humility we'll end the class on is I am presenting here, and I'll be presenting throughout this semester, what you can call a mechanistic conception of mental life.
要谦虚承认的另一点是,我们讲完就下课,我现在所提到的,而且整个学期我都会提到,叫做心理活动的机械论观点
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And what a case like this, where somebody is in a coma, is without consciousness as a result of damage to the brain, is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life.
想象一下这样的情况,某人正陷于昏迷之中,由于脑部损伤而失去了意识,这是心理活动的生理属性毫无修饰的图解
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The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear, like free will, consciousness, morality and emotions, and that's what we'll begin the course with, talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life.
我们所拥有的一切的生理基础,如自由意志,意识,道德和情绪,我们的课程将会以此作为开始,讨论生理的东西如何能产生心理活动
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Somebody who hold a--held a dualist view that said that what we do and what we decide and what we think and what we want are all have nothing to do with the physical world, would be embarrassed by the fact that the brain seems to correspond in intricate and elaborate ways to our mental life.
持二元论观点的人们认为,我们的所做所为,我们的决策,我们的思考,我们的欲求,全部都与生理客体无关,二元论被,大脑与心理活动拥有复杂且紧密联系,的事实所否定
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And what Festinger was interested in was the idea that what happens when people experience an inconsistency in their heads.
令Festinger感兴趣的是,当人们心理活动,产生不一致时，会怎么样。
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