So when we talk about formal charge, basically formal charge is the measure of the extent to which an individual atom within your molecule has either gained or lost an electron.

说到形式电荷，基本上形式电荷就是,单个原子在形成分子之后,是得到了电子还是失去了电子的一种量度。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So we have four choices in terms of initial and final energy levels, and also what it means - in terms of the electron -- whether it's gaining energy or whether it's going to be emitting energy?

我们有这四个选项,各有不同的初始能量和末能量,它都是按照电子来说的,不管是失去能量还是得到能量？

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Gain, loss.

得到和失去。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选