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All these cells come from the bone marrow and biologists have traced the formation of these cells in great detail.
所有这些细胞都来自骨髓,而生物学家已经很详细地,研究了这些细胞的形成过程
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And if you maintained it in the right way, this polymer scaffold together with the skin cells will grow into skin.
如果培养方法得当,这个聚合物支架与这些皮肤细胞,会融合形成皮肤
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The other property is that these committed progenitor cells that are formed can turn into something, can turn into more mature cell types.
另一个的性质就是成为定向祖细胞,进而形成某种特定细胞,成为更成熟的细胞形式
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The same way cells that form the limb become more like muscle cells or skin cells, or the structures that become the limb.
同样的,形成上肢的细胞,变得越来越像肌肉或皮肤细胞,或者上肢的其他结构
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This cell can only be an effective barrier if there's no way to get past it.
这些细胞只有密不透风,才足以形成一道屏障
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It separates those duplicated chromosomes to two sides of the cell, physically separates them, and the cell itself pinches off to form two new cells.
双倍化的染色体,被分别拉向细胞的两边,物理性的分离了,细胞本身中央凹陷形成两个新细胞
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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We talked about last time that part of the process of going from this single cell to multi cellular many celled organisms like we are is cell division.
我们上节课说过,从一个单细胞分裂形成大量细胞,构成的器官的过程,叫做细胞分裂
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If somehow you could take your anti-sense molecules that you've made and you could get them into cells, then by this process of hybridization they would naturally form a pair like this.
如果你能得到合成的反义链,并能使它进入细胞,那么通过杂交,它们就能自然形成这样的一对
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Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.
体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的
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These cells around the outside form the interface, the placenta, where the maternal blood circulation meets the embryonic circulation and nutrients are passed back and forth that way in a very highly regulated and important way.
外层的细胞形成接触面,即胎盘,是母血与胎血,进行血液交换,及营养物质交换的场所,整个过程高度有序并且非常重要
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This tube, this hollow tube, which food passes through is made up of many, many epithelial cells which directly abut one another and would be a flat sheet except that it's rolled up into a tube.
这个管道,这个中空的管道,食物可以穿行其中,而它就是由许多许多上皮细胞构成的,上皮细胞一个连着一个,形成了一个平坦的细胞层,但实际上它们还在肠管中卷成管状
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It's usually shown like a clock is shown here, where time 0, which is at the top here is right at the end of mitosis where you have two new cells that are formed.
通常会用一个类似时钟的图来图示,0时刻,在最上端 为上次有丝分裂终点,代表两个新细胞刚刚形成
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Then we talked a little bit about the sort of physics of what holds cells together to form a collection of cells, a tissue and to make up the structure of our body.
之后我们也谈了一点有关于,使细胞聚集形成组织,进而成为身体架构的物理原理
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What happens during mitosis is that the cell is able to separate this double set of chromosomes into two sets and that happens in a way that's shown in this cartoon here.
当细胞有丝分裂时,细胞将其分开形成两组染色体,如下图所示
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These junctions, these red dots here are actually made up of proteins, some are synthesized by one cell, some are synthesized by each other, and they lock together to form a very tight barrier, to form a tight junction between the two cells.
这些红点表示细胞连接,实际上是由蛋白质构成的,有些是由一个细胞单独生成的,有些是由两个细胞共同生成,使这两个细胞紧锁在一起形成紧密的屏障,并在两细胞间形成紧密连接
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Now one of the new technologies that's evolving, that we're going to talk about in the last half of the course, is taking cells that have been propagated in this way outside the body and encouraging them to form new tissues.
现在,与此相关的新技术正在蓬勃发展,我们将在这学期的后半部分讨论到它,这项技术,让细胞在体外增殖,并促使它们形成新的组织
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We'll talk about cells and how they work, how cells in different parts of the body are different, why, and how they contribute to tissues at a very sort of simple level so that you can understand this as we start thinking about using cells for engineering purposes.
我们将会谈论细胞,它们如何工作,身体不同的部位细胞有怎样的不同,为什么它们有所不同,以及这些细胞如何,以十分简单的方式形成组织,这样当我们开始考虑用细胞,来满足工程目的时,你会更容易理解
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They both proliferate, increase in number, and they differentiate; they differentiate from immature B-cells into antibody producing cells.
淋巴细胞将迅速增殖,数量大幅提高,同时发生分化,幼B淋巴细胞分化,形成能够分泌抗体的细胞
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These molecules of DNA, very long molecules of DNA, are condensed and packaged within the nucleus of every cell in your body.
这些DNA分子是非常长的,它们通过折叠等方式压缩形成染色体后,被装配在你身体内的每一个细胞内
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New cells are formed, they wait a bit, they synthesize DNA, they wait a bit, they divide, and on, and on, and on.
新细胞形成,暂停一下,合成DNA,再暂停,再分裂,周而复始
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