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That's something that we see again and again and it's remarkable how little common sense is often applied.
这些技能是我们司空见惯的,当时很奇怪人们一般却没有注意到它们。
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I don't know if I'm repeating this but he was at his dentist I didn't tell you this.
我不清楚我是否在重复这个,但是他当时是在他牙医的诊所-我没有告诉你吧。
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Does anyone have that in their brain somewhere for ready use? I don't, in fact, so it's actually okay if you don't know all your common ions, if you missed that part.
你们有谁有印象它们有什么用吗？,我当时是不知道，所以如果你们不记得,这部分也没有关系。
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And not a single young person in the room except my son, who was then a teenager who would tag along and see his father testify.
却没有一个年轻人在场,除了我儿子，是当时唯一的青少年,除了他没人跟着父亲参加听证会。
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I suppose what I'm really saying is that the word "hermeneutics" wasn't available, and the idea that there ought to be a sort of a systematic study of how we interpret things wasn't really current.
我想说的是“诠释学“这个词,不是一开始就有的，而应该系统地学习,如何解释事物,这种思想也当时也是没有的。
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Reading that comment that I'm sure I made, I realized what I probably should have said is that "I wasn't as prepared to teach them and as ready to encounter their difference as I probably should have been."
读到这个评论时，我知道是我说的，我意识到，或许我当时应该说,“或许我自己也并没有完全准备好教他们,并未准备好迎接学生的不同之处“,并未准备好迎接学生的不同之处“
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The problem is that the theory of the day can't explain it.
问题是当时没有理论解释这一点。
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There wasn't one organizing yet around New Haven or nearby in Connecticut so he went to New York and he joined the Sixth New York Cavalry.
当时在纽黑文和康乃狄格附近还没有军队,遂他去了纽约,他加入了纽约第六骑兵团
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That is, you've got a very key point; there was very little military training.
因为,你问到了点子上,当时几乎没有任何军事化的训练
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All right, so it might be that again, the problem with enforcement, although actually in 1880 America, it's not clear that they couldn't have enforced that contract.
好的,但是我刚才说了强制性的问题,虽然说那是1880年的美国,当时这种合同是否违法没有明确的界定
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I was in electrical engineering major, because there was no computer science.
专业是电子工程，因为当时没有计算机科学这个专业。
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Some years ago, when I was a graduate student, I was at Oxford in England and they had men's and women's colleges. They weren't yet mixed and the women's colleges had rules against overnight male guests.
很多年前，我在英国牛津读研究生时,他们有男校和女校，当时还没有合并,而女校有禁止男客过夜的规定。
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There was no foreign minister.
当时没有外交部长
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Now there was a time when people thought fat was bad and it didn't-- and people didn't really understand there were different kinds of fat, or they didn't realize that different kinds of fat had different impacts on health.
曾经有段时期,人们认为脂肪是有害的,它不能...,人们当时不知道脂肪还分不同种类,所以就没有意识到,不同的脂肪对人体有不同的影响
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They can pretty much pack it up and go home, because everyone's going to think they're ridiculous, no one will believe what they say, and it's a stupid idea anyway, is basically the gist of this conversation.
他们就可以打包回家了，因为每个人都会认为他们很荒谬，没有人会相信他们的说法，这是个很愚蠢的想法，这就是他们当时谈话的大概意思。
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So the way that we like to think of things now is in terms of electron configurations, right, but at the time that wasn't really understood.
当然我们现在思考,这些更喜欢采用电子排布的观点，但在当时还没有这种概念。
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It's exactly this theory, but he doesn't have the word probability, which hadn't been invented yet.
这就是我们在讲的理论,但他并没有用概率这个词,因为当时还没有发明这个词
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That apparently is a difficult question that most people didn't know in 1974.
这显然是个难题,当时没有什么人知道
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So, for example, in around 1900 in America or a little bit earlier, let's say 1880 in America, it really isn't clear that it was illegal to write agreements to say we'll restrict quantities.
比如1900年甚至更早的美国,假如是1880年的美国吧,在当时这种限制产量的合同是否违法,在司法上没有明确的界定
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These would have been inscriptions either on pottery, which the earliest ones are,or on stone, but otherwise I'm sure there was writing on perishable material-wooden plaques, probably not yet paper, but these would have been destroyed.
有些是刻在陶器上的铭文,最早期的时候,是刻在石头上的,但另外,我能肯定,有些是写在易腐蚀的材质,比如木头,或者瓷片上的,当时应该还没有出现纸,但是这些都被毁坏了
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Now it didn't entirely end, and there were some South Carolinians and Georgians who wanted to re-open it, and a few folks out in Louisiana, who wanted to re-open it at numerous times in the antebellum period, especially in the late 1850s.
但在当时它并没有完全结束,有些南卡罗来纳人和格鲁吉亚人,仍想重新开放它,在路易斯安那州还有一小群人,这些人在内战前曾无数次,企图重新开放这个市场,尤其是十九世纪五十年代末
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Here I was, back at Yale, with a billion dollar portfolio -it seemed like a lot of money at the time no portfolio management experience.
那时我在耶鲁,要管理上十亿美元的投资组合,在当时,那是笔巨款,而我却没有任何投资组合管理经验
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There were eleven million workers in Germany at the time and other countries looked on this as, this is ridiculous, no government can actually manage the system like this.
当时的德国有1100万工人,其他国家视此情景为儿戏，没有哪个政府能像这样管理一个体系。
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I think maybe it's because they didn't have the concepts down.
我想可能是因为,当时的人们并没有理论体系的支撑
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And if I think back to my own childhood again, not that that was the glory days by any means, but I mean people weren't falling over hour after hour from dehydration because they didn't have a water bottle with them.
如果我回忆一下自己的童年,不是说我的童年有多光辉灿烂,而是我想说当时人们也没有因脱水而倒下,而因为他们没有随身携带水壶
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Now, to be sure, in Siberia in the far reaches of the north, North Asia, this empire amounted to little more than a series of trading posts, and it took a very long time for any semblance of Russian authority from Moscow and soon from St. Petersburg, for reasons that we'll see, to reach there.
现在,可以肯定,当时的俄国,在西伯利亚和北亚并没有多少商栈,俄国耗费了很多时间,才使得其首都市容变成现在这样,无论是莫斯科,还是之后的圣彼得堡,原因我们会讲到
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I think it was in French, so it wasn't really hitting all the scientific community of the time in any major way.
我印象中是发表在一个法语杂质上，所以它并没有在当时的科学界的,主流领域中取得反响。
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I guess they didn't have our language, they didn't-- they were intuitively halfway there but they couldn't express it, so I think the industry didn't get really started.
我猜当时并没有专业的词汇,他们未能...,他们有想法,却无法表述,所以我认为那只是保险业的雏形
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We can then supplement that with all sorts of other information that we have, but we don't have any documents from some settler explaining why he's going where he's going.
再结合其它信息,我们就能很好地补充完善,但是对于古希腊,我们没有任何的文字资料,当时的定居者为什么迁徙就无从知晓了
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So it's really neat to think that your counterparts 100 years ago right here at MIT could have been sitting in a class where they had Lewis as their lecturer, and he's putting forth these ideas -- these are actually his lecture notes, even though it wasn't even published yet, and giving this idea of Lewis structure, which is exactly what we keep using today in order to make a lot of these predictions.
因此会有很棒的感觉，当想一想一百年以前像你们一样,在这上学的同学可能正坐在教室里,听路易斯讲课，而他正在提出这些想法-,-而这些正是他的课堂讲义，尽管当时还没有发表，但已经给出了路易斯结构的思想，这正是我们直到今天都一直在用的,用它来做很多预测。
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