What oriental? That means mainly the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia, Syria,all those older civilizations and much more advanced civilizations than the Greek.

哪个东方,这主要指底格里斯河和,幼发拉底河文明,美索不达米亚文明,以及叙利亚文明等这些旧文明,它们都比希腊先进的多

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

The real sort of typical home of the kinds of things were talking about is Mesopotamia, modern Iraq, the Tigress, Euphrates Valley, which spread out beyond Iraq and went up into Syria and neighboring places.

我们所讨论的这些旧文明中的典型大约,起源于美索不达米亚,即现在的伊拉克,在底格里斯河,幼发拉底河流域,其范围超过了伊拉克,还包括叙利亚以及邻近地区

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

That is, until the great archaeological discoveries of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which unearthed for us the great civilizations of the Ancient Near East, of which I have drawn a remarkably life-like map ] here on the board: Mediterranean, I always start with the Mediterranean Ocean, the Nile River, the Tigris and the Euphrates.

直到十九至二十世纪,一些重大的考古发现，才让我们了解到,远古近东的文明,我已经在黑板上画了一幅,栩栩如生的地图了：,地中海，我总是从地中海讲起，尼罗河，底格里斯河，还有幼发拉底河。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选