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.." So I probably have, you guys are in your 20s-- ... you know 20-- roughly another 60 years are going."
所以我大概还剩下，你们都是二十几岁-,二十岁-,那大概还剩下60年“
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You may have noticed in your Wimsatt essay that there is a footnote to somebody named Joel Spingarn who wrote an essay called "The New Criticism" in 1924.
你们可能还注意到了，上一篇关于文萨特的文章中,有一个脚注提到了一个叫乔·斯宾加恩的人,这个人在1924年写过一篇文章也叫做《新批评》
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The industry, subprime lending, has grown dramatically over the last ten years and, as you probably know, it's in big trouble now.
次级借贷行业,在近10年里迅猛发展,你们大概也知道,这个行业现在正处于巨大的困境中
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I'm going to ask you to imagine the domestic situation in the Milton household in 1632.
我要你们想象一下这个场景,当时是在1632年弥尔顿的家中。
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By 1852-53,Boston and New York think about this--Boston-- although we're getting close to that again Boston and New York had 50% foreign-born populations.
在1852年到1853年间,波士顿和纽约,你们听听这个数据,虽然我们现在又快接近这个比例了,那时移民占据波士顿和纽约人口的50%
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And some of these works are referred to as the Apocrypha-- so you will have heard that term.These are writings that were composed somewhere around here, sort of 200 BCE to 100 CE.
因为其中一些作品被认为是《次经》,你们中的一些人听我提到过《次经》，这些作品是,大约在公元前200年到公元100年之间整理的。
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Now, mind you, it was 20 years ago that this program was operational, 20 years.
现在，提醒你们，这是20年前,运行的一个程序，20年了。
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Who, in 1964, do you think drove their bus, which was called Further?
在1964年你们觉得是谁，驾驶着他们的巴士？
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And the company grew 80%per year for the first eight years compounded, and 60 % per year for the six years after that, which adds up to tens of billions real quick, as you know.
公司保持百分之八十的年增长,持续了八年，这之后的六年，每年增长百分之六十，正如你们所知，在很短的,一段时间内赚了数百亿。
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You might say, well what's the person who studied chemical metallurgy doing teaching chemistry here? Well, after my Ph.D., MIT I came here as a postdoctoral fellow in 1977.
你们可能会问，这个学习,化学冶金学的人怎么会在这教,化学呢，好吧，在我拿到博士学位后，1977年我作为一名博士后来到了。
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So, between 1650 and 1750, and this is right out of what you're reading, the rulers of continental Europe, of the biggest states extended their power.
所以从1650年到1750年这段时期,这正好与你们阅读的内容一致,欧陆上,统治者们扩张了他们的势力
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It is a bit sexist in 2007 context, but let me explain.
在2007年，做这个实验，有点性别歧视的味道，我给你们解释一下。
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Because you are together for four years.
因为毕竟你们在一起4年呢。
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Here's somebody lecturing to you in 2007 Shelly Kagan.
这个人,2007年给你们讲课7,是谢利·凯根。
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And things we've been repeating year after year after year, because they sound so reasonable, suddenly sound unreasonable when some of you point out some aspect of it that you didn't follow.
我们年复一年地重复着那些,听起来天经地义的知识,突然会变得苍白无力,就因为你们中有人指出了,一些你没理解的问题
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So I think a lot of people if you go back today and you look at tapes of the Kennedy Nixon Election in 1960 some American help me out here, '60 right?
我想如果你们今天回家去看,肯尼迪和尼克松1960年竞选的录像,美国学生帮我确认一下,是60年吧
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So seriously, you fortunate Yalies, that they will be here on April 9 and 10 of 2008, an international conference on the subject of the hoplite phalanx and the emergence of the city state.
你们这些幸运的耶鲁学生们,2008年4月9日到10日将会看到,关于重步兵方阵和城邦起源话题的,国际会议
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and the first you are going to be reading will be a chapter in a book I wrote 5 or 6 years ago I guess it's almost 6 years now since 1998 to came up.
首先你们要读的,是我5年或6年前写的一章,我想应该是至今6年了,从1998年算的话。
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Way back in nineteen-eighty-two, we did a study on this, and then I'm going to show you some similar studies that have been done in subsequent years to show you how much the error is.
回到1982年,我们做了一个这样的实验,你们将看到一些类似的实验,是在随后几年中做的,向你们证明误差有多大
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See is this in your way "So, the first couple of years I made my own costumes which of course sucked: ... the ghost, the hobo... Then, finally, the third year, begging the parents, I got the Superman Halloween costume.
看看你们看得见不,“于是前两年，我自己做服装，当然不怎么样：,鬼啊，流浪汉啊。,第三年我终于求了爸妈，我得到了超人的万圣节服装。
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So, I said I'd tell you a little bit more about where this Bohr radius came from, and it came from a model of the atom that pre-dated quantum mechanics, and Neils Bohr is who came up with the idea of the Bohr radius, and here is hanging out with Einstein, he had pretty good company that he kept.
我要告诉你们,波尔半径是从哪里来的,它起源于前量子力学时代的，原子模型,尼尔斯，玻尔提出了，波尔半径的概念,这是他和爱因斯坦在一起，他们是好朋友，当我们讨论这个原子模型时你们要记住的是，在1911年。
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But they kept that village just the way it was, and they built one next to it. In about 1952 some people, about your age, started to party, and somebody came out with a gun and said we don't party in Oradour-sur-Glane.
他们就是保留了当时的原貌,在旁边建新的村子,在1952年有人,大概你们这么大的孩子,开始在那聚会,然后有人拿着枪出来说在尔村,不能聚会
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This is since 1802-- now how many countries do you think have uninterrupted stock market data since 1802?
西格尔使用的数据始于1802年...,你们想想现在有多少的国家,存有从1802年以来,股票市场的完整数据呢
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The Basel Accord was in 1988 and you can read about this in detail in Fabozzi, et al.
988年签订了巴塞尔协议,你们可以在法博齐的书中读到详细的内容
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But what I'm assigning to you is the second edition, which came out in 2005, pretty much at the peak of the housing market.
但是我指定你们去读的,是2005年出的第二版,那时候房地产市场正位于高点
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Now, if we have any doubts that On the Road is mythic in itself, I just want to show you quickly two things. In 2007, On the Road had its fiftieth anniversary of publication.
现在如果还有对这本小说虚构性有所疑问，我想要迅速地让向你们展示两件事情，2007年是《在路上》出版的十五周年。
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You'll remember that Milton published Comus in 1637.
你们应当记得弥尔顿是在1637年发表了《科玛斯》
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That's why I gave you the extraordinary passage on your sheet, the end of Tynjanov's "On Literary Evolution," written also 1927, written also, in other words, in response to Trotsky's Literature and Revolution.
这就是为什么我给你们了这篇精彩的文章阅读，1927年蒂尼亚诺夫在，文学进化，中写道，这也是，他对托洛斯基，文学与革命，的回应。
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But if you look at 1860, the bottom map, if you can vaguely see those deep, dark, red areas, you can see where cotton moved, where slavery moved in the domestic slave trade, and then where Southern political power moved.
看看1860年,就在地图的最底部,如果你们能看到这些深红色的区域,你们就能明白棉花种植地的扩大,是如何导致奴隶需求量扩大的,同样变化的还有南方政权力量
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I've given you the periods at the top of the chart: early Bronze Age; middle Bronze Age from about 2100 to 1550; we date the late Bronze age from about 1550 until 1200--the introduction of iron and the beginning of the Iron Age in 1200. Prior to that, the Bronze Age, which is divided into these three periods.
我在这个表格的顶端给你们列了一些时期：,早期青铜时代；中期青铜时代，从约公元前2100年到前1550年；,晚期青铜时代，从公元前1550年到前1200年，即铁器时代前页；,然后公元前1200年开始了铁器时代，在那以前，青铜时代分为那样三个时期。
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