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So we needed to come up with another source, a renewable source, so we turned our attention to embryonic stem cells.
因此，我们需要一种替代材料，一种可以再生的材料，我们注意到了胚胎干细胞胚胎干细胞。
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stem cell researchers have found a way to get perfectly usable stem cells from fully grown human beings.
干细胞研究者已经找到了一种方法，
可以从成年人身上获取可用的干细胞。
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That's why people are so excited about embryonic stem cells because in nature they become all the cells of the body.
这就是为什么胚胎干细胞如此让人激动,因为它的天然功能就是变成所有身体细胞
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Now with stem cell technology there are two pathways that are imaginable.
如今有了干细胞技术,也就有了两条途径可选。
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So the idea is, if you can take a cell... you can take a stem cell from your body
所以如果你能够取得一个细胞……如果你能够从你体内取得一个干细胞，
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So the major controversy behind stem cell research, at least as far as I understand it,
干细胞研究背后的主要争议，就我的理解来说，
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That's where they all come from, they all come from the zygote The word for that is totipotent, totally potent.
这是干细胞的来源,都来源于受精卵,这种细胞称为全能干细胞,具备全部潜能
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If we understood them well enough we could potentially make any particular kind of cell in the body from those pluripotent cells.
如果我们能研究得足够透彻,我们就有可能利用这些多能干细胞,制造我们体内任何特定的细胞
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Different than the embryonic stem cell we talked about before, so it's an example of an adult stem cell.
和我们之前谈到的胚胎干细胞有所不同,因此这是个成人干细胞的例子
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So we need to get embryonic stem cells to form surface cells.
那么，我们就应该从表层细胞中提取胚胎干细胞。
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But from what I know, generally the more religious groups tend to be opposed to stem cell research,
但是一般来说，就我所知越是反对干细胞研究的人，
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Why has it been so hard and why does it continue to be difficult to identify these pluripotent cells within tissues?
为什么会那么难呢,为什么在组织中识别多能干细胞,始终困难重重呢
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The way we did this was to coax embryonic stem cells first to develop into the surface layer.
我们是这么做的,先诱导胚胎干细胞,发育成外胚层。
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Can you explain to us about stem cell research and why it's so controversial?
你能跟我们解释一下干细胞研究，
以及为什么这项研究会受到这么多的争议吗？
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This stem cell which is reproduced still has the potential to undergo asymmetric division but this one does not.
新生成的干细胞,仍然有潜能进行不对称分裂,但定向祖细胞就不行
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One is because we understand the bone marrow system so much better than we understand all the other stem cell systems.
一个原因就是我们对骨髓系统的认识,远高于其他干细胞系统
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That's important because one of the attributes of stem cells is that they remain at their site and capable of reproducing themselves.
这非常重要,因为干细胞的性质之一,就是它们能维持自身的状态,并能进行再分裂
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Pluripotent stem cells that are capable of self-renewal to generate themselves and are capable of dividing into both bioloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
多能干细胞,是能够通过自我更新进行自我生成的细胞,也能分化成髓系祖细胞,或者淋巴祖细胞
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This diagram here sort of allows me to walk you through some of the terminology of this stem cell development and talk about these concepts.
这张图让我能跟你们一起,走马观花地看看干细胞发展中的术语,探讨一下这些概念
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So they've lost some capabilities but not many, and these are called multipotent stem cells.
它们失去了一些潜能,但不是很多,所以这些还是称为多能干细胞
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The other is that it's possible to get stem cells from patients, from bone marrow.
另外一个原因就是从病人的骨髓中,取得干细胞是可行的
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One of the differences in stem cell populations that you will hear about is you hear about embryonic stem cells and you hear about adult stem cells.
干细胞之间的一个区别,你可能听说过的,那就是既有胚胎干细胞,也有成人干细胞
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It's this - its cells in this region here, this inner cell mass that that's the source of embryonic stem cells, cells from inner cell mass here.
就是这个,在这片区域的胚胎细胞,即内细胞群,而胚胎干细胞的来源所在,就是源自这里的内细胞群
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That's a lot of what stem cell biology is like - is about.
干细胞生物学的著作有很多
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We were looking for the mouse cells the mouse embryonic stem cells that we had coaxed into early ear cells whether they were able to form ear cells.
再来看看那些经诱导,发育成早期耳细胞的,老鼠胚胎干细胞,能否发育成耳细胞。
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Adult stem cells are acquired in some fashion from an adult organism.
成人干细胞是用某些方式,从成人体内提取的
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One way of referring to this cell is in terms of its potential and the zygote obviously has the potential of becoming all of the cells of our body.
干细胞的一个特点,就是它有分化潜能,而受精卵,显然有变成我们体内任何细胞的潜能
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It's no longer capable of self-renewal to form another stem cell.
不再能自我更新,从而生成另一个干细胞了
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It's no longer a stem cell but it's a progenitor cell.
它不再是干细胞而是祖细胞
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It's also an example of a tissue specific stem cell.
这同时也是一个组织特异性干细胞的例子
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