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You see, in the previous empires, like the Assyrian Empire, or these kinds of-- the Egyptian Empire, when people conquered other peoples, often all they wanted was tribute.
之前的各个帝国，比如亚述帝国，或者埃及帝国-,当他们战胜其他民族时，往往只是觊觎贡品。
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different buildings that are famous in New York like the Empire State, bridges, you know, the Brooklyn Bridge.
画在各种纽约著名建筑的木块上，像帝国大厦、布鲁克林大桥。
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The Russian empire was rather like Charlemagne's empire in 800 in the coronation at Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle and all of that.
沙皇俄国倒是非常像查理曼帝国,即公元800年在亚琛加冕称王的查理曼帝国
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To be a king, one need merely put forth one's regal state, one simply needs to act kingly.
欲称王，只需要有帝国的疆域，言行举止好似一个王就可。
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So, the citadel and the farmland surrounding it, make up fundamentally the unit which is the Mycenaean kingdom.
因此,以城堡和周围的农田为根基,组成了称为迈锡尼帝国的文明
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Obviously, World War One is-- unleashes the demons of the twentieth century; nobody could have anticipated that all these empires would collapse.
很明显,一战,释放了二十世纪的恶魔,没人能料到,那些帝国会分崩离析
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And by this time Mark Antony had palled up with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and Octavian beat both of them, and he became the sole ruler of the empire in 27 BCE.
安东尼与埃及女王克利奥帕特拉先后自杀，屋大维击败了他们两人，于公元前27年成为了帝国的独裁者。
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The idea of The Matrix is explicitly built upon Cartesian— Descartes' worries about an evil demon.
黑客帝国》的创意,完全基于笛卡尔的哲学,笛卡尔对于恶灵的忧虑
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Archaeologists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were stunned to find the ruins and the records of remarkable peoples and cultures--massive, complex empires in some cases, but some of which had completely disappeared from human memory.
十九和二十世纪的考古学家们,震惊地发现了,古代伟大名族和文化的遗迹，有些还是大规模，复杂的帝国遗迹,但也有一些就完全从人类记忆中消失了。
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The Holy Roman Empire, as it was known in the time of Machiavelli, was the successor to the ancient Roman state, the older Roman Empire.
神圣罗马帝国，是马奇亚维利那年代的称号，那是古罗马国的继承者，即较古老的罗马帝国。
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I think there is an essential sort of imperialism.
我认为有这样一种本质帝国主义的存在。
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And similarly, while we're at it--this is not a Matrix-like worry-- if you're worried about, yeah, but what's happening ? to world poverty while I'm doing all of this?
大家不必担心《骇克帝国》的情景-,如果你担心，当我接受实验时,国际贫困情况是否会恶化？
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Because, after all, European Russia is part of Europe and will have an enormous influence on Asian affairs as well.
毕竟俄帝国的欧洲部分也是欧陆的一部分,它也将会在亚洲事务方面,产生极大影响
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But nonetheless, Peter the Great creates this huge empire that will have over the long run, an enormous influence in European affairs.
即使如此,彼得大帝还是一手创造了,这个庞大的帝国,长远来看将对欧洲事务产生极大影响
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But if you were going to be elite-- he wanted to establish cities throughout his empire that would be actually Greek cities, and he wanted to have the elite people all be able, at least, to speak Greek.
但是如果要成为精英阶层-,他要求帝国里的所有城市,都建为希腊式城市，要求所有精英阶层至少能够，说希腊语。
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So, the rise and fall of empires is obviously a theme of this course.
因此,帝国的兴衰,显然是这门课关注的主题之一
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Within his own lifetime, Aristotle would see Athens, Sparta, and the other great cities of Greece swallowed up by the great Macedonian Empire to the north.
在他有生之年，亚里士多德看到雅典，斯巴达，和其它重要的希腊城市,被北方的,马其顿帝国并吞。
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After his death, his empire was divided up among his generals, and after some fighting and maneuvering and negotiations, four successors to Alexander the Great finally ended up splitting up his large empire into four smaller empires.
亚历山大死后，他的帝国被部下瓜分，经过数场战争，谋略及谈判，四位亚历山大大帝的继业者,最终将他庞大的帝国分割为四个部分。
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There can be no relations of trust in a large, imperial despotism.
那样的社会可以不需信任的关系,存在于大型，帝国的专制之中。
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The barriers to unity presented by European geography and very limited technology made it hard for a would-be conqueror to create a vast empire, eliminating competitors and imposing his will over vast areas.
由于欧洲独特的地理条件,和当时有限的科技水平,使未来的征伐者很难建立一个广袤的帝国,清除异己和使他的意志,传播到广袤领地的每一个角落
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It is an example of what I call the imperialism of the straight line, where you have large boulevards that you can march armies down to, reviewing stands and all of that, totally different than Moscow.
我所称的帝国主义直线型风格的范本,有足以让军队列队通过的宽阔的林荫大道,还有阅兵台之类的设计,这些和莫斯科太不一样了
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So the union of a universalist religion, with a monarch such as the Roman Empire, who ruled a vast empire, could nonetheless have put an end to any prospect of freedom as in other civilizations.
所以说,若是由信普救说者教会,与罗马帝国为代表的君主政体结盟,便会断送,其他文明中存在的自由前景
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We forget about the enormous trading vitality of Asia, even sea vitality and land vitality at the same time, but they are without any question by this point-- with the decline of the Spanish empire, which begins before this course-- the Dutch and the English.
我们先不考虑亚洲大量的贸易活动,包括同时的陆上和海上贸易,在十七世纪之前,随着西班牙帝国的衰退,欧洲最大的贸易实体,毫无疑问是荷兰和英国
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Another characteristic of these years, which scholars refer to as the Dark Ages, just as they do the years after the fall of the Roman Empire-- dark for two reasons. Dark, in the most obvious way, because we don't have any writing, no record of them.
这也是这段时期的另一个特征,学者们称之为,黑暗时代,他们也是这么称呼,罗马帝国陷落后的那段时期的,称黑暗主要有两个原因,黑暗,最明显的理由,是因为我们没有任何关于他们的史料和记录
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So my 3 CDs try to communicate to the young people who may not read my book The Matrix and so forth try to communicate on the screen.
因此，我的三张CD就是为了,与不会看我书的年轻人交流,《黑客帝国》等则是通过大屏幕交流。
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So, Peter the Great, despite his dramatic expansion of the Russian empire, does not get this outlet on the Black Sea.
所以,彼得大帝,虽然为俄帝国的扩张立下汗马功劳,仍旧没能夺取黑海的入海口
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But most of the free citizens of the Roman Empire, - of Rome, were poor people-- free, and even citizens, but they were poor people who weren't part of any rich household.
但是大多数罗马帝国的自由公民，都是穷人-,他们是自由的，甚至是公民，但都是穷人，不属于富裕家户。
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With the demise of Rome, in the early Christian centuries, these philosophical academies, these philosophical schools, were absorbed into the medieval monasteries.
随着罗马帝国的灭亡，在基督世纪的初期，这些哲思学院，这些哲思学校，被中古世纪的修道院吸收。
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And,so,the patronage of the Empire is that he can provide railroads, he can provide money for things, and that further centralizes the state.
帝国的资助者可以提供铁路,也可以为一些事情提供钱,这些东西更加集中于国家
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