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What we think of as the golden age of Greece was virtually at an end during the lifetime of Aristotle.
我们所知的希腊黄金时期,在亚里士多德的生年,其实已走到末端。
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From the time they formed their republics until they were conquered by alien empires, the Greeks also rejected monarchy of any kind.
无论是在城邦共和国时期,还是在异国征服时期,希腊人一直排斥任何形式的君主政体
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For us, we can start not so all the way back at Classical Greece, but with Alexander the Great, and the beginning of Hellenization; that is, the Grecization of the eastern part of the Ancient Mediterranean.
我们不必追溯到古典希腊时期，而从亚历山大大帝及希腊化初始讲起;,就是古代地中海东部地区的希腊化。
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It's a literary genre that dates back to late classical Greece and which typically charts the trials and tribulations of a hero, in many cases the trials and tribulations of a virginal heroine.
它是一种文学流派，可以追溯到古典希腊时期,这种流派规划了一位英雄了考验和磨难，许多情况下是给一位童贞的女英雄的考验和磨难。
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The Greeks, in Homer's world, seem to regard one just about as well as they do the other.
荷马时期的希腊人,似乎和看重其他品质一样,看重这个品质
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In the same period,there is clear-cut,unmistakable, oriental influence on Greek pottery and other things that they make.
在同一时期,有明显的证据表明,希腊受到了东方的影响,这表现在他们制作的陶器和其他器物上
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One of them is how the Greeks in the late Dark Ages and in the period in which the polis emerges, made their living.
其中之一是,在黑暗时代末期,以及城邦初现的萌芽时期,希腊人民,是如何生存的
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So, the fact that this was a Greek script that was available in the Mycenaean Period tells us very confidently that the Mycenaeans were Greeks.
所以,这个在迈锡尼时期出现的,希腊语书写方法,让我们有足够理由说,迈锡尼人就是希腊人
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Both slavery and freedom come along at the same time in the Greek world.
奴隶制和自由制,在同一时期的希腊共存
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Since in historical Greek times, let us say the fifth century B.C., the people who inhabited the Peloponnesus were mainly speakers of the Greek dialect called Doric.
从有历史记载的希腊时期开始,比如说公元前十五世纪,居住于伯罗奔尼撒的人们,是希腊多利安方言的主要使用者
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Well, erase all of those ideas from your head when you think about the world of Homer,and I would say, the world of Greece in the period we're studying.
而在这里,我们讨论的是荷马时期,所以我说,在我们所研究的这个希腊时期,你得忘掉这些基督教的概念
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The Greeks of the classical period always thought there was an earlier age that was much better than the age in which they lived, an age in which men were heroes.
古典时期的希腊人认为过去,有一个比他们所处年代,更好的时代,一个英雄辈出的时代
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That is, more or less, what did happen in the Roman world and I don't see anything that's suggested it couldn't happen in the Greek world at the time we're talking about.
那就是,或多或少的,我看不到任何事物可以表明,在罗马社会发生的事情不会,在我们所讨论的这个时期的希腊发生
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this is the period in which the Homeric epics are finally written down now that there is writing and that gives them,I think, even greater impact on the Greek world in the future.
这个时期是就是荷马史诗最终写就的时期,所以那时有了文字,而这对他们,对希腊世界的未来,我认为产生了更大的影响
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The Greeks are isolated during this period.
在这段时期希腊人被孤立了
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He suggests that there were, indeed, Greek tribes from the north who spoke Dorian dialects, who came down during this period attempting to come into the richer and better settled world of the Mycenaeans.
他认为,事实上,的确有一些,来自北方的说多里安方言的希腊部落,他们在这个时期南下试图进入,更富裕更舒适的迈锡尼人的居住地
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For others, it was necessary to go further and to settle the west coast of Asia Minor, which, indeed, this is a great period of Greek settlement on the west coast of Asia Minor.
对于另外一些人,则必须走得更远,在小亚细亚西海岸定居,而这事实上,确实是希腊人向小亚细亚西海岸,拓殖的黄金时期
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That attitude,that point of view, even after the world of Homer is gone, remains a very powerful influence on the Greeks throughout the rest of their history, so that you have built into that society an inherent conflict.
这种态度,这种观点,甚至在荷马时期之后,仍对希腊人有着强烈的影响,并贯穿于他们之后的历史中,由此使得这种冲突在这个社会中传承了下来
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If you look at Greece in this period, I don't know if I've used this term before, but some scholars refer to this general period we're talking about as the Greek renaissance by analogy to the renaissance in Italy.
如果纵观这个时期的希腊,我不知道以前是否用过这个定义,但一些学者,用意大利文艺复兴来比喻这个时期,把它称作希腊的文艺复兴
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Well, if you take a look at the Greek civilization let us say in the classical period, those other cultures wouldn't have had a clue what the Greeks were doing, so different was the Greek experience from theirs.
如果你看一看希腊文明,让我们以古典时期为例,其他文明,都不会理解希腊人在做什么,希腊人与他们的经历是如此不同
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Before we get to that, I should say that the Greeks have already, before this period of the polis and the period of colonization which is connected with the rise of the polis, centuries before that the greeks had already spread out from their original settlements.
在我们深究此前,我得先说,在城邦时期和殖民地时期之前,即跟城邦兴起的两个关联时期,希腊人已在数百年前,从最初的家园往外移民
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