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From the time they formed their republics until they were conquered by alien empires, the Greeks also rejected monarchy of any kind.
无论是在城邦共和国时期,还是在异国征服时期,希腊人一直排斥任何形式的君主政体
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Again, the autonomous Greek polis Glaucon Adeimantus that Plato and Glaucon, Adeimantus and others would have known came to an end.
自治的希腊城邦,一如柏拉图,和其它人所熟知的,已走到终点。
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But immediately,very early, you start hearing the Greeks talk about the polis in terms that are more in your mind than in touch.
但是当你在很早的时候一听到,希腊人说到城邦这个术语的时候,你能立刻想到的就比你接触到的要多
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The Greek polis, which is simply the Greek word for city, had several institutions that are very important, and they'll become important for early Christianity and for Judaism.
希腊城邦，Polis就是希腊语城市的意思，有许多重要的公共机构，对早期基督教和犹太教影响巨大。
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Aristotle lived at the virtual cusp of the world of the autonomous city-state of the Greek polis.
亚里士多德住在可说是希腊城邦世界中,最顶尖的自治城市。
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Typically, a mountain range will be the boundary between the area of two poleis or a stretch of water, because Greece has the sea winding through it everywhere.
比如,一座山脉,就能成为一种典型的城邦之间边界,由于希腊四处邻海,一段水域也可以成为边界
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The Republic, like the Greek polis, was a kind of tutelary association.
理想国》类似希腊城邦，一种守护式的联合。
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I think it's very important to notice that some of these places that were big in the Mycenaean world were entirely abandoned and not settled again by the Greeks.
我认为值得注意的是,这些地方中有些是,在迈锡尼文明中占据重要地位的城邦,就这样被彻底遗弃了,而且并没有被希腊人重建
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Observe that the word "Political" derives from the Greek word Polis.
英语的政治一词,就是源于希腊字,城邦
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Aristotle went on to say that the justice needed to control this dark side of human nature can be found only in a well ordered society of free people who govern themselves, and the only one that he knew was the Polis of the Greeks.
亚里士多德还说过,正义需要用来,控制人性的丑恶面,只有在公民自治的秩序井然的,社会里才能找得到正义,他所知道的这样的社会就是希腊城邦
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Now, here's another document that you want to be aware of that gives you some idea of what the Greeks fairly early thought the polis was for and about, and what the relationship between individual and polis was.
现在,这有另一份你们应该注意的材料,它能让你了解一些早期希腊人,是如何认识城邦的作用和本质,以及个人与城邦之间的关系的
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Right, we see in this passage something that reveals so much about what the Greek values were and you'll see how closely they were tied up with the polis and the primacy of the polis in their lives.
对的,我们在这篇文章中,看到了很多揭示希腊人价值观的东西,你们能看到他们和城邦以及城邦在他们,生命中至高无上的地位之间有多么紧密相连
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Before we get to that, I should say that the Greeks have already, before this period of the polis and the period of colonization which is connected with the rise of the polis, centuries before that the greeks had already spread out from their original settlements.
在我们深究此前,我得先说,在城邦时期和殖民地时期之前,即跟城邦兴起的两个关联时期,希腊人已在数百年前,从最初的家园往外移民
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One of them is how the Greeks in the late Dark Ages and in the period in which the polis emerges, made their living.
其中之一是,在黑暗时代末期,以及城邦初现的萌芽时期,希腊人民,是如何生存的
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People who have never known of civil society; people who have never known of a world with polis, well, of course,they would do something stupid like that.
希腊人认为不知道文明社会的人,也不会知道城邦的世界,所以才会做出如此愚蠢的行为
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Most Greek states, just as they never moved beyond the hoplite style of fighting, never go beyond the oligarchical style of constitution which gives only hoplites political rights in the state.
大多数希腊城邦,从未超越过步兵方阵的作战方式,也从未超越过寡头统治的政体,只有在这样的政体下,步兵才有政治权利
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But beyond that, there is the fact that for the Greeks that early and always--by the way it remained so, the notion of justice is directly connected with a polis.
除此之外,另一个事实就是,从始至终,无论早期还是晚期的,希腊人对正义的观念,都是直接和城邦有关的
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And that, I think, we have to understand as being because of his function in the situation, namely there is a multi-city invasion of Troy being carried on by these Mycenaean Greeks.
基于这个问题,我们先要明白,他的地位以及所起的作用,许多迈锡尼的希腊城邦联合起来,对特洛伊发起进攻的时候
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It is the center of his life and it explains the Greeks devotion to the independence, to the autonomy of the polis, and their desire to beautify and make it as great as it could possibly be.
这理论是伯里克利的一生所求,并且它解释了希腊人民,为何对独立,对城邦的自治权,如此忠护,以及他们为何如此渴望,去竭尽全力地美化和建设城邦
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So, it's very important to see how different from that the Greek idea was and what an enormous responsibility the polis was supposed to have, and of course with that, there had to be an enormous amount of support for the state by the citizens.
因此,了解希腊观点的与众不同,以及城邦应当拥有完善的政府职能,是非常重要的,当然,基于此,一个优秀的政府离不开,那些支持他们的公民
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