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She's studying Latin and Greek history.
她学习的是拉丁和希腊历史。
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Finally,what are the consequences to the Greek experience of this phenomenon of this outburst of colonization?
最后,殖民兴盛的现象,给希腊历史带来了哪些启发呢
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I suppose the first apparently historical event that we know something about is the first Olympic Games, which according to Greek tradition were held in 776 B.C.
我认为第一个已知的重大历史事件,就是第一次奥林匹克运动会,根据希腊人的口头传述,那是发生在公元前七百七十六年
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Since in historical Greek times, let us say the fifth century B.C., the people who inhabited the Peloponnesus were mainly speakers of the Greek dialect called Doric.
从有历史记载的希腊时期开始,比如说公元前十五世纪,居住于伯罗奔尼撒的人们,是希腊多利安方言的主要使用者
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But it's very interesting that when you get to historical Greece, as we shall see, there are no wanaktes but there are, at least according to tradition, basileis.
但相当有趣的是,在希腊历史中我们看不到王这一称谓,但至少是根据传说是有君主这一称谓出现的
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This is something brand new in the world and we shall see how it crops up in different forms and how it shapes the course of Greek history.
公民乃世间一全新产物,我们应透视其是如何以不同的形态产生,以及如何引领希腊历史之路的
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You can see Greek and Roman temples there to prove it.
你能在那看到希腊和罗马的神庙证明那段历史
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In passing, I just want to say that Homer, of course, is the basic text, the basic document for all Greek thinking in every area that you can imagine throughout the rest of Greek history.
顺便提一下,我只想说《荷马史诗》,毫无疑问,是古希腊一切文献资料的基石,贯穿了希腊的整个历史,无论是在你能想象到的任何领域
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The word polis appears in Homer, but it means something different from what it means throughout most of Greek history.
城邦"这个词首先出现在荷马史诗,但是它在这里的意思,与在希腊历史中的意思不同
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Let me say a little bit,first of all, about the way scholars have categorized the history of Greece.
首先,我要说一下,关于,学者是如何划分希腊历史的
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It would be a very oddball position to take for the rest of Greek history.
那么这将是一种片面误解,希腊历史的古怪观点
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This, too, is unique to the West, just like the Greek experience is unique.
这对于西方世界来说是独一无二的,就像希腊所经历的历史也是独一无二的
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Now, the Greeks were not unique in history in constantly being at war.
希腊人在历史中,并非唯一频繁遭受战火的民族
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Of course, as in all of the rest of Greek history, women are excluded from the political realm, and of course, well, I'll just leave it at that.
当然,在希腊所有其它的历史中,女性被禁止参政,这点我们以后再说
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If you get into the fifth century, late in the fifth century, Thucydides in his history has one of his generals speak to his men and say,"Men are the polis."
如果你回到五世纪,在五世纪末,修昔底德在他的年代就曾经,希腊历史学家,代表作《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》 对人民做过一次演讲,他说"人就是城邦"
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I think we must remember that there were people creating and repeating, and working out, and changing a poetic tradition that started in the Mycenaean world and lasted for the rest of Greek history.
我想我们必须记住,这些进行创造和传承的人民,他们仔细刻画,发展成了诗歌的传统,从迈锡尼社会开始,一直延续到希腊历史的剩余部分
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I mean, you know the wings go, and the air runs, and then the motor on the engine and it's a miracle how it gets up there and that is the way I used to explain the Greeks, because I had no better idea.
我的意思是,你知道机翼的作用,空气的流动,还有引擎上的发动机,飞机能飞起来,是个奇迹,我就是用这种方式来解释希腊历史的,因为我也没有更好的方法了
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As you move later in their history, you find you can guess that there would be councils that were not purely of nobles but might be of wealthy people, but they would always be a minority and come from the upper class.
随着你们进一步了解希腊的历史,你们能轻易猜想到议会组成人员中,不仅仅只有贵族,还有富人,但他们都是来自上层阶级的少数人
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For instance, in historical times when the Greeks referred to the great King of Persia, who was a real king and a powerful figure, a king in every sense, the word they used for him was Basileus.
比如说,在历史上,希腊人把伟大的波斯王,一个真正在各种领域,具有绝对权力的君主,称之为巴赛勒斯
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That attitude,that point of view, even after the world of Homer is gone, remains a very powerful influence on the Greeks throughout the rest of their history, so that you have built into that society an inherent conflict.
这种态度,这种观点,甚至在荷马时期之后,仍对希腊人有着强烈的影响,并贯穿于他们之后的历史中,由此使得这种冲突在这个社会中传承了下来
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