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By the time we get to 1644, this is the year that Areopagitica appears, we're well into the English Revolution.
到1644年，就是《论出版自由》出版的那一年，我们真正进入了英国革命。
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So as you know, it's very liberal, so. I don't know. That's what I would say.
你也知道，这里非常自由。这就是我想说的意思。
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We find ourselves in today's reading, Areopagitica in the middle of the English Revolution, sometimes called the Puritan Revolution.
我们在今天的阅读中发现自己，《论出版自由》,在英国革命，也就是有时被称为清教改革，的过程中。
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So, all I want to do now is look at the derivatives of the free energies with respect to temperature and volume and pressure.
我现在所要做的一切就是,考察自由能对,温度，体积和压强的偏导数。
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This is what moral philosophers within our culture view as morality, notions of rights, of equality, of freedom.
这种文化中的,道德哲学家眼中的道德就是，对，平等，自由。
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Redistribution is a - if you think about it, says the libertarian is a kind of coercion.
仔细想想，再分配这个概念，按自由主义者的话来说，就是强迫。
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For many today, Hobbes' conception of the Leviathan state is synonymous with anti-liberal absolutism.
对今天许多的学者而言,霍布斯在《利维坦》中的政治主张,就是反自由主义之专制主义的代名词。
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For me, that's the context for all of this.
对我来说，这就是美国言论自由的背景。
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So just a dot, and the dot can move around all over space.
就是一个点,这个点能在空间各处自由运动
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You need the soul in order to explain free will.
那就是我们需要灵魂来解释自由意志
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He did it to bring more light, he did it to bring more air, he did it to free the flow for capital, money; that's why the department stores are on the boulevards.
他这么做是为了多点光,多点新鲜空气,他为了使资产的流动更为自由,这就是为什么百货商店都建在大道旁边
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But as many of you know, and certainly you will find out here, they had pretty clear ideas of who ought to have those individual liberties and who would not, who indeed were born equal and who were not.
但是正如你们许多人知道的,当然你们在这里也会发现,他们非常清楚,谁该拥有这种个人自由,而谁不该,哪些人天生就是平等的,而哪些人不是
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And finally, humans will learn that The concomitant of their freedom is responsibility.
最后，人类会知道,伴随着他们自由的就是责任。
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Egypt being the best example, so that no longer was war possible, but the flip side of that is, there was also another thing that was impossible -- freedom.
埃及就是最好的例证,所以当和平年代到来时,其对立面必然显现,即总有另一件事物,变得难以实现,那就是自由
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This represents the free electron.
这就是自由电子。
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And in later letters in this series between her and Richard, and also in the review that she wrote up for the Book of the Month Club newsletter), she invokes the Nazis specifically as a comparison to the kind of oppression that Richard was trying to escape in the South.
她在之后与理查的通信中，把理查在南方,与德国纳粹做比较，当时社会的主流思想,就是在为了美国式的理想,为了自由而战。
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So the Joule free expansion involves opening this valve and asking what happens when this gas moves into the other bulb or distributes between the two.
焦耳自由膨胀就是,打开阀门后的过程,气体从一个腔跑到另一个腔,并在它们之间平均分配。
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That's this powerful idea taken over from Locke by Jefferson in the Declaration.
这就是杰斐逊在《自由宣言》里所引用的,洛克的一个强而有力的主张。
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This is the freedom of the printing press.
这就是出版自由。
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There is written on the turrets of the city of Lucca in great characters, meaning great letters, that this day the word libertas, libertas is written on the walls of the turrets of the city of Lucca."
卢卡市的塔楼上刻有霍布斯那句话,而且用的是很大很显眼的字，也就是很大的字母,古罗马语中的自由二字,也被刻在了这座塔上“
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So I can in a very straightforward way say, OK, well, here is my Helmholtz free energy.
所以我可以很直接的说，这就是我的亥姆赫兹自由能。
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So maybe that's why we need to believe in souls in order to explain free will.
或许我们需要相信灵魂的理由就是,为了便于解释自由意志
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That there be property, that there be respect for life and liberty is what limits government.
对财产的界定，对生命与自由尊重的界定,就是限制政府的因素。
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Is it not palpably nearer the truth to say that no man was ever born free and that no two men were ever born equal?
是否应该说,没有人生来就是自由的,也不可能人人生下来都是平等的
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At best, one could say Hobbes is a kind of part-time liberal at best.
为此，可能有人要说霍布斯至多,也就是个业余自由主义者。
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There's another argument descartes could have made that's a lot less subtle than the ones he did make, which is "That thing responsible for free will and love and consciousness?
笛卡尔本可以指出一个,比他所举论据,更为巧妙的论据,也就是,"这东西会是引起自由意志,爱恋,与意识的原因吗
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This one turns out to be the heat capacity, and this one turns out to be something that we measure in the Joule-free expansion.
其实，这就是热容，这是焦耳自由膨胀实验中,我们要测量的物理量。
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Because the notion of free will was that even if I was in the very same spot again, the very same situation again, I could've chosen differently.
因为自由意志的内涵就是,即使我再次处在相同的地点,相同的情况下,我也可能做出不同的选择
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From this point of view, it would seem that Hobbes helps to establish the language of what we might think of as the liberal opposition to absolutism.
从这点来说，我们似乎可以看出,霍布斯建立了一种说法,就是我们所想的,对专制主义的自由对立。
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He says the state of nature is a state of liberty.
他说自然状态就是一种自由状态。
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