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Anything else, which is to say any spontaneous process, it'll be less than zero.
其它任何情况下，也就是任何自发过程，都将小于零。
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We discovered that the quantity dA, under conditions of constant volume and temperature, dA TS And A is u minus TS.
我们发现在恒定的体积和温度下，亥姆赫兹自由能的变化，小于零，is，less，than，zero。,亥姆赫兹自由能A等于内能u减去。
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A corporation is an entity that could be sued or could lose more money than it's worth, but the value of a corporation can never fall below zero to the investors because the investors are not liable for the mistakes of the corporation.
公司是一个实体,它可能被起诉,或者亏损额超过了自身的价值,但是对于投资者而言,公司的价值永远不会小于零,因为投资者对公司的过失,不负有责任
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du external dV minus T surroundings dS is less than zero.
加上压强p，du，plus，p,乘以dV减去环境温度T乘以dS小于零。
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So, du plus p dV is less than zero.
因此，du加上pdV需要小于零。
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I can write this as d less than zero.
我可以把这个写成的d小于零。
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Going around in a cycle the integral of dq over T is less than or equal to zero.
对一个循环过程作dq除以T的积分,小于等于零。
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So we immediately get du at constant S and V is less than zero.
这样我们马上就得到以下结论：,在等熵，等容条件下dU必须小于零。
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So all that's left is negative T dS is less than zero.
只剩下TdS小于零。
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So if you had a high temperature, this a small compared to b. If you're negative which means that dT/dp at constant H is less than zero.
高于反转温度，这一项相比于b很小,意味着H恒定时,偏T偏p小于零。
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So we could write that criterion as dH less than zero.
我们可以认为dH小于零即为我们的判据。
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It means du is less than zero.
这意味着du小于零。
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So in this experiment here, delta p is less than zero. You need to have this whole thing greater than zero. So delta T is less than zero as well. So if you're below the inversion temperature and you do the Joule-Thomson experiment, you're going to end up with something that's colder on this side than that side.
所以在这个实验中，Δp小于零,这全部都大于零,因此ΔT也小于零,所以如果在低于转变,温度的情况下做焦耳-汤姆孙实验,最后的结果是,这边的温度比这边低。
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