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To state the obvious, Socrates introduces this analogy to help the brothers better understand what justice is for an individual soul.
说明白些就是，苏格拉底导入这项比拟,以协助兄弟档更了解,正义对个人灵魂的重要性。
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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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It imports it into our database and does some fancy indexing as we'll call it later in the term to make searches more efficient.
将它导入到我们的数据库中，并进行一些变址,这将在后期会提到,它可以使查找更高效。
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It is introduced further by the claims of Socrates to control, to censor, to control the poetry and the arts of the city.
并由苏格拉底,关于控制，审查城市的诗学,与艺术进一步导入。
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they will have an A-D converter that fill data into the laptop.
他们会有一个A-D转换器,能把数据导入电脑。
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Why is this much nice? Well, that's a handy piece of code. Because imagine I've got that now, and I can now store that away in some file name, input dot p y, and import into every one of my procedure functions, pardon me, my files of procedures, because it's a standard way of now giving me the input.
为什么这样很好呢？,这是一段很好用的代码,因为想象下如果我有了这段代码,我能把它用某个文件名保存起来,后缀是。py，导入到所有的处理函数中,抱歉，我的处理文件,因为这是一个标准的输入方法。
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Get a gene, put it in a plasmid, get that plasmid expressed in a host, could even be a bacterial host,right?
把一个基因导入一个质粒,让质粒在宿主中表达,这个宿主甚至可以是细菌,对吧
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There were a few things I didn't get to finish last time in talking about particularly gene transfer in mammals.
我们还有一些上次未完成的内容要讲,尤其是哺乳动物的基因导入
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The problem is the same, how do I get the gene that I want into only the cells that I want?
同样的问题又来了,怎样准确地,把目的基因只导入特定细胞呢
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Here, a concept is to introduce a gene that causes the process of new blood vessel growth.
看这儿,一种疗法是导入,可以促进新血管生成的基因
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That leads to our next topic that I want to pursue for the remainder of the class, the reform of poetry and the arts.
这导入我们下一个主题,而我想要利用今天剩下的时间，寻找诗学与艺术的改革。
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How would you accomplish this kind of - how would you accomplish gene transfer in adult humans?
然而你怎样向,你怎样向一个成年人体内导入基因呢
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Can it be re-directed, can it be re-channeled ? in the service of the public good?
它是否能被重新导向，重新导入,为公共利益服务？
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They can insert genes into non-dividing cells and cause those genes to be expressed.
它使基因导入没有分裂的细胞,并使其表达
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This is a way of introducing cytotoxicity or cell killing ability into a cell, and that's been used to treat many kinds of cancers, particularly cancers of the brain.
这种方法常用来导入细胞毒素,或者赋予细胞杀伤其他细胞的能力,以治疗多种癌症,特别是脑癌
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Well, now, how would you get the gene into the cells?
那么如何将基因导入细胞呢
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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The question of censorship and the telling of lies is introduced, in other words, as a question of military necessity, controlling the guards or the auxiliaries of the city, its warrior class.
审查的问题,及说谎的导入，换句话说，就像军备的问题，控制守卫人员,或说是城市的后备，战士阶级。
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You can see that it would be problem here if the gene that you were trying to give to the cancer cells also went to normal cells-- that would be a problem.
这确实是个问题,如果我们想导入癌细胞的自杀基因,也能进入正常细胞,那问题就大了
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Viruses, in particular, are very effective at delivering their viral DNA into cells.
特别是病毒,可以高效地将自身的病毒DNA导入细胞
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There are other vectors that are very efficient at getting DNA into cells.
但是存在某些其它载体,能易如反掌地将DNA导入细胞
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Socrates introduces the problem of thumos by a story, a particularly vivid story that I hope you all remember, where in Book IV he tells the story about Leontius at the walls.
苏格拉底透过一个故事来导入，Thumos，的问题,一个特别生动的故事,我希望你们能都记下，在第，IV，册时,他告诉我们关于，Leontius，从墙外走来的故事。
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This example here, the idea is to introduce a gene into tumor cells of a tumor.
这里的这个例子思路是,将一个基因导入肿瘤组织的肿瘤细胞中
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Basically, you're introducing this gene into cells that when you give the right inactive drug that will cause the cell to make chemicals that kill it.
概括来说,当你把这个自杀基因导入,含有特定未激活药物的细胞时,二者作用就使细胞生成了,可以杀死自己的化合物
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This concept of introducing foreign genes, genes that are made of recombinant DNA into animals using this kind of technique is widely used in biomedical research.
这种通过基因重组,来向动物体内导入外源基因的方法,广泛应用于,各种生物医药的研究中
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You already have an adult organism and you'd like to get the gene transferred.
你现在面对的是一个成年人,你想把基因导入他体内
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It's a gene that allows you to deliver a drug that's not active but the gene causes that active - that inactive drug to be converted into an active form that kills the cell.
这一方法利用该基因激活,另一种已经导入细胞的非活性药物,来杀死肿瘤细胞
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This is introducing a gene, it's a natural gene but it's not - it's a natural gene that's found in humans and is actually expressed all over your body in different levels, but you're concentrating it or over expressing it in one particular region of tissue in order to have a particular effect.
通过导入一个基因,这是一个天然基因但--,是一种于人体内发现的天然基因,在全身细胞中都有不同程度表达,但需要集中在组织的某一特定区域,表达或过表达,才能达到特定疗效
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These are two examples I just gave you of introducing genes that affect the life of a cell, either by making it express a protein that it's not making properly that's important to its life, or by intentionally killing a cell by having it express a fatal gene.
刚才我所举两个例子,都只是影响单一细胞生命过程的,无论是使无法正常表达的重要蛋白,正常表达也好,或是有意地,导入致命的基因杀死细胞也好
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This solves a major problem which I'm going to talk about just at the beginning of class here in a slide or two, is how to get DNA into cells?
这解决了我要讲到的一个主要问题,就是在这节开始的一两张幻灯片中要讲的,怎样将DNA导入细胞的问题
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