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Somebody say it real loud. Yes, the system is working on the surroundings, right? It's pushing out against them.
有人很大声的回答了，对，系统在对外做功，他把外界向外推开。
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The reason why literacy is required of everyone is because we don't live to 200.
为何每个人都需要文化素养？,因为我们活不到200岁,我们出于对外界的好奇。
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It's not going to be zero this time because we have non zero heat exchange between the system and the environment, right.?
热力学量，但是现在让我们看一下,我们的特殊函数，这次它不会是零,因为系统与外界的热量交换并不是零，对吧？
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Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act, in the state of the world that will result from the thing you do.
后果主义道德推理,认为是否道德取决于行为的后果，取决于你的行为对外界所造成的影响。
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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His verse actually had a physical impact on the world.
他的诗句能对外界产生具体的影响。
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His sense of the way in which the mind reacts to the world, to its experience, and the way in which it's an uncomplicated reaction, a resisting reaction, or an adjusting reaction, all has very much to do with Pavlovian principles.
他关于思维对外界的反应，对经验反应的看法，和他认为这种反应是简单的，稳定的，适应性的，都和巴普洛夫的理论有关。
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So he sent out a fake--he bought -he shorted the company and he --the stock in the company- and he bought --he put out a fake press release saying that there was bad news for the company.
他散布假消息,他先卖空公司的股份,接着买入,然后他对外界放出假消息,说公司有重大利空
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Delta v is positive in this direction here, the work is negative. So work on the system is positive. Work done by the system is negative.
功是负的，总而言之,外界对系统做功的符号为正。
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Here there's an expansion going on, so the system is doing work to the external world.
这里发生了膨胀,所以系统对外界做功，活塞被推出来。
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So w, the work is less for the irreversible process than the reversible process.
不可逆过程中系统对外界,做的功要比可逆过程时小。
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Wirr Minus w irreversible, this is the work which is done to the environment by the system, -Wrev minus w irreversible is always smaller than minus w reversible.
一点提示，不可逆过程中系统,对外界做的功，总是小于,之前我们。
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It's an expansion, so we're doing work against the environment, or to the environment.
压强降低，系统对，外界做功。
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There might be a mass here. This could be a car.
系统对外界做功。
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This is a positive number, p1 is smaller than p2.
这就是系统对外界做的功。
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We noticed that sometimes we were tempted to locate the morality of an act in the consequences, in the results, in the state of the world that it brought about.
我们发现有时，我们倾向于,依据行为所产生的后果，以及对外界的影响，判断其是否道德。
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The total work is less than zero.
说明系统对外界做功。
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Delta v is going to be negative. w is going to be negative. Sorry, I got it backwards again.
这样就对外界做了功,这时候ΔV是正的。
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Convention, OK, this negative sign is just a pure convention. You just got to use it all the time. If you use an old textbook, written when I was taking thermodynamics, they have the opposite convention, and it's very confusing. But now we've all agreed on this convention, and work is going to be with the negative sign here.
系统对外界做功的符号为负,这就是我们,在本课中的规定，纯粹出于统一符号的需要，有些教科书中，可能会使用相反的符号规定,注意不要混淆了，这门课上,我们将一直使用。
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