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We'll talk more about promoters as they go on, for now let's just assume that we have a promoter that works in this particular cell.
我们以后还会谈到更多有关启动子的知识,而现在就假设这个,特定的宿主细胞里有个启动子
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Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.
然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主
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Took it out of the virus completely, cloned it into a plasmid, that plasmid was expressed in a foreign host, in this case it was expressed in yeast cells.
将基因从病毒中完全提取出来,并克隆制成质粒,该质粒在外来宿主中表达,此例中质粒在酵母细胞中表达
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Well, if you knew a cell that could serve as a host for a virus, you could use this process of cell culture to make large quantities of virus,right?
如果你知道细胞可以变成病毒的宿主,可以用培养细胞的过程,制造大量病毒,对吧
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Take a plasmid, cut it open, insert a gene that we want into the plasmid, and then put that plasmid in a host cell, and let the host replicate it.
取一个质粒,把它切开,把目标基因放进去,然后把这个质粒植入到宿主细胞,让宿主来进行复制
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Now, sometimes those--that release occurs without the cell itself dying.
有时,这个过程可以在,宿主细胞不会死亡的情况下完成
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These released particles can now go on and infect neighboring cells, they can travel in the bloodstream to infect cells at a distance and the virus spreads throughout a multicellular host.
这些释放出的病毒颗粒,可以继续感染邻近的细胞,它们可以随着血流去感染远距离的细胞,于是病毒可以在多细胞宿主体内全面扩散
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They enter the cell after recognizing, they fall apart inside the cell, they reproduce their DNA, or their genetic material using host mechanisms.
在识别细胞后侵入之,它们在细胞内解体,复制自身的DNA,利用宿主的遗传来机制复制自己的DNA
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In this case here, you're generating host cells, cytotoxic T-cells, that can kill only very specific cells, cells that are expressing this foreign antigen.
而在这个例子中,人产生宿主细胞,即细胞毒性T细胞,它只会消灭特定的细胞,也就是携带特定异己抗原的细胞
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Now when we put insulin in this place behind the right promoter, the cell thinks that it still has the lacZ gene present which it needs for its metabolism.
现在我们把胰岛素基因,放在正确的启动子后面,宿主细胞就会认为,它仍然有新陈代谢所需的lacZ基因
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We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that.
我们说到过,可能受到病毒感染的宿主细胞,表现出病毒的一部分特征,病毒的抗原部分,其表面受体称为主要组织相容性抗原-1,MHC-1负责呈递抗原
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That DNA gets replicated to make many more copies of the viral DNA using host mechanisms, that is, often using the DNA polymerase which is naturally present in the host cell for its own replication.
病毒DNA进行复制,通常是利用在宿主细胞自身的有关物质,利用宿主细胞中天然存在的,DNA聚合酶来大量复制病毒DNA
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Then those antigens get expressed with MHC just like they did in all the other cells inside the host, but particular cells of the innate immune system have a different kind of MHC called MHC2.
这些抗原同MHC共表达,就如同抗原在其他宿主细胞中那样,但先天免疫系统有一类特殊的免疫细胞,具有一种称为MHC2的不同MHC
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