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And so, Rutherford had a fellow working in his lab by the name of Geiger. And, Geiger invented a detector.
卢瑟福的一个实验同事,叫做盖革，他发明了一种探测器。
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Now let's think about designing the experiment itself. The goal here, there are two goals. Or more than two.
那么现在让我们来想想,怎么设计实验本身吧，这里有两个目标，或者多于两个目标。
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Here we give many lecture material until late they do the lab and then we come back and discuss the results.
在这里我们直到他们做实验时,才会发各种讲座材料,然后我们回到讲座,讨论实验结果。
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He was a professor of physics at Cambridge University, and he was also the director of the Cavendish Laboratory.
他是剑桥的一名物理教授，他还是,卡文迪许实验室的主任。
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What's particularly interesting is you get this effect easily with undergraduates but you also get it with four-year-olds and with monkeys.
但这个实验有一个很有趣的地方,在本科生中做这个实验，很容易就得出这个结果,而在四岁小孩和猴子中，同样能得到这个结果。
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Now, people are studying obese subjects because there're weight loss programs, like the one we had, and the subjects are available.
现在人们开始以肥胖者为实验对象,因为有许多减肥的项目,肥胖的实验对象是较容易找到的
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I won't talk about their experiments, but I just want to mention one by a Harvard psychologist Ellen Langer.
我不想详述他们的实验,但我想谈谈,由哈佛大学心理学家爱伦·兰格做的实验
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But the state of nature, for him, is rather a kind of thought experiment after the manner of experimental science.
但是对他来说，自然状态，是一种思想的实验,这是在科学实验之后。
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People have done experiments through the ages, and they've accumulated the knowledge from these experiments, and they've synthesized these experiments into a few basic empirical rules, empirical laws, which are the laws of thermodynamics.
很长的时期内，人们做了大量的实验，从这些实验中积累知识,将这些实验总结成一些基本的经验法则和定律，这就是热力学的定律,然后，人们给这些定律添加，数学架构。
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For those of you don't know what that is it's simply an instrument that counts radioactive particles in the air, and MIT now that you're at MIT, you'll all have a chance to see one first hand if you're ever in any of the labs, especially in the chemistry or bio labs.
不知道它是什么,它就是一个简单的,计算在空气中放射粒子数目的仪器,你们现在来了，如果你们在实验室里工作的话,尤其是化学和生物实验室，你们有很多机会亲手用到它。
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I've got here lots of flyers given to me by the director of the laboratories which will tell you which lab is the right lab for you, and they're offered many times a week. Yes?
我这里有不少小手册,实验室负责人给我的,它能告诉你该去哪个实验室,实验室在一周中很多个时间段是开放的,你说
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Because of that you can do the following experiment, and it's a simple experiment, it's simple to understand, but the concept is very important so I encourage you to think about it and make sure you understand it.
我们可以做一个实验,这是一个非常简单容易理解的实验,但是这个实验验证的概念非常重要,我希望你们能够仔细思考,并且能够掌握
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Because they said the experiment must go on, very often, people went-- most people, Americans went on and shocked that person, even to the point of the other person whimpering and begging to be let out, simply because of the word, " "the experiment must go on".
因为他们说实验必须进行下去，经常的，人们会-,多数人，美国人都会继续电击那个人，甚至电击到另一个人哭泣,恳求放他出去，仅仅是因为那一句，“实验必须进行下去。
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The classic experiment that demonstrated anchoring was Kahneman and Tversky--I'm writing K&T -in a wheel of fortune experiment, which they did in 1974.
一个阐述锚定效应的经典实验是,卡尼曼和特维斯基...我用K&T来表示,他们在1974年做了幸运轮盘实验
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Because they would have started with the hypothesis, not that there existed a month, but that June was particularly likely.
因为他们是有了假设然后再开始做实验的，而不是说有一个这样特殊的月份，而是六月是一个特殊的月份。
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Again they've just done that experiment and seen the effects of that on the point measurement with the whole pro.
通过实验,他们便能看到其效果,通过在整个过程中,对点的测量。
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Well, here I'm a little bit below 100 and in two, and test one a little bit below 100 as well.
好了我现在在试验2中有一个小于100的数，而实验1也得到了一个小于100的数。
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If it is a lab it will include the lab instructions and often all the tools if there are software tools that are needed for that lab.
如果是实验室，将会包含实验指导,如果需要软件工具的话,还会提供工具。
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You'll hear maybe later about, or maybe you've already about Milgram and maybe Asch conformity and maybe Robber's Cave.
可能不久后，你们将会接触到，可能已经知道心理学家米尔格拉姆,阿施“权威服从”实验,盗贼洞穴心理实验。
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This is the place where people typically slip up in debugging. They don't think in advance what they expect the result to be.
实验就推翻了你的假设了,人们在做调试的时候往往忽略了这一点,他们做实验之前并没有想想。
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And this is one way of doing it but they'll alternate and they'll give you different ones to shift around and everything.
这是其中一个实验方式,他们还会变花样，让你做不同的,把实验方式变来变去。
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When we do experiments, each group of three has an experimental setup to measure the phenomenon.
当我们做实验的时候，每个三人小组建立实验设备,来测量观察的现象。
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And it turns out that this version people are slower at than the other version suggesting that their associations run one way and not the other.
结果发现在第二个实验中,人们比第一个实验时的反应要慢,这表明他们倾向于把白人和好词,把黑人和坏词联系一起，而不是反过来。
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Those are even better known than this, but this is right up there.
这些可能比我将讲的这个实验更有名，但我们现在要讲的实验。
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People did say they were happy to have participated and only 2% said that they were sorry, but still serious damage could have been done and perhaps was done.
但确实有人说他们很高兴能参与实验,只有2%的人说他们感到难过，但这个实验可能对电击者造成严重的伤害,也许已经造成了。
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There were follow-up studies. This is the original study.
这是最早的实验，后来还有后续的实验。
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I want to end this lecture summing up, drawing a lot upon Milgram and some other work, and talk first about two forces for evil and then to end by talking about two forces for good.
在本节课最后，我想总结，通过详细讲解米尔格林姆实验，还有其他实验，为大家讲解使人变坏的两股力量,最后讲使人变好的两股力量。
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Way back in nineteen-eighty-two, we did a study on this, and then I'm going to show you some similar studies that have been done in subsequent years to show you how much the error is.
回到1982年,我们做了一个这样的实验,你们将看到一些类似的实验,是在随后几年中做的,向你们证明误差有多大
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So, I was trying to save the moment as best as I could, and I looked at her and I said, ? "Judy, do you remember that old experiment " that Elliot Aronson did on attractiveness?"
我想尽力挽回局面，我看着她，说道，“朱迪，你还记得一个实验吗,是艾伦特做的关于吸引力的实验“
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There sometimes will be homework assignments which sort of build on what we've done during the section but it's not a lab in that sense that it's a long experience in the afternoon or that requires any detailed reports.
有时候我们会有家庭作业,是关于这部分内容的,但这不是那种需要在实验室呆一整个下午,要提交细节翔实的报告的那种实验
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