Clearly, if I take a chalk like this one here, and I throw it on the ground, and it breaks in little pieces, if I run the movie backwards that doesn't make sense, right?

很清楚，如果我拿一支这样的粉笔，把它扔到地上，它会摔成碎片，如果我们把这个场景倒过来放映,那是没有意义的，对吧？

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

That's what we call when we have three bonding atoms and one lone pair.

这是当我们有3个成键电子,和一个孤对时这样称它。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So now, this equation here relates three state functions together: the pressure the volume, and the temperature. Now, if you remember, we said that if you had a substance, if you knew the number of moles and two properties, you knew everything about the gas.

压强，体积和温度,大家应该还记得,我们提过，只要知道气体的摩尔数,和任意两个状态函数,就可以推导出其他的状态函数，这样，我们可以把它改写成。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选