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With any innovation, it's important not only to launch it properly but also to consider how to sustain it over time.
对于任何发明，重要的不仅仅是,正确的使用它，还要考虑,怎样维护它。
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If we weren't so pressed for time, I kinda wanna see how long we could get away with this before it gets awkward, but that, in fact, is an infinite loop t hat's hopefully deliberate.
如果有时间，我想看看,我们需要花多长时间解决这一问题，事实上，它是我故意,使用的无穷循环。
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Some people like to use shallow and deep, object and value, but they're talking about the same thing, which is it the same object or is it the same, in this case, set of values, depending on what you want to define as you use it.
有些人喜欢用对象相等值相等,但是它们是同一件东西，也就是是不是同一个对象，或者是不是同样的，在这个例子中，是同样的值集合，这取决于当你使用它的时候,想要怎么来定义它。
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So this is the same definition we saw last time, just being a little bit more nerdy and putting in some notation.
这个定义和我们上次讲的是一致的,只不过使用了些符号使它变得有点枯燥
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And our other reference point is the triple point of water - reference points become zero Kelvin, absolute zero, and the triple point.
而使用绝对零度,它与压强无关,是最低的温度，另一个参考点是水的三相点。
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Except,I mean,you could use it, but not use it as authoritative.
我的意思是你可以使用它，但不要把它当作权威。
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The trouble with the etymology of theory and the way in which the word has been used traditionally is that sometimes it actually means practice, and then at other historical periods it means something very different from practice, something typically from which practice is derived.
理论这个词在词源,和传统的使用方法上的复杂之处在于,它有时候指的是实践，但在特定的历史时期,它指的是和实践非常不同的东西，也就是实践产生的依据。
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You might not want to know all of it and that's a really complicated question for an individual to figure out and a complicated question for society to figure out, what you want to make of available in the regard.
你不想什么都知道,这是个十分复杂的问题,无论是对个人,还是对社会都是如此,我们应该怎样控制它的使用范围
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My prototype, again, so that I can use it later increment without the compiler wondering what is this increment that you're referring to because it's not otherwise been declared.
我的函数原型，再次强调，我可以以后使用它,这样编译器就不会疑惑这个你提及的,是什么，因为是没有,被声明的。
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n I know this is okay because I'm not using n until I myself put something there.
我知道这是正确的因为我不会使用,直到我给它赋值了。
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I want to just use it, I shouldn't have to worry about what variables I use inside of it, I have shouldn't have to worry about where that is in the code, I should be able to just abstract it away. And that's what we want to add today, are those two things.
我只是想使用它,我不用考虑我在这段代码中,使用的是什么变量,我完全不用考虑代码的内容,只要抽象就好,我们今天想补充的内容就是这两点。
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It's a secret number so that if Julius Caesar scrambled his message with the key 13, well, then the recipient had better know what that number is or realistically, -- and this is why it's kind of hard to buy -- into some of these age old algorithms, -- what would an alternative approach be to figuring out Julius Caesar's messages to his generals if he didn't know that secret number was 13?
它是一个机密的数字，以至于,如果凯撒大帝使用密钥13加密了它的消息，然后接收者最好知道那个数字是什么,实际上--这就是为什么很难,破解这些古老的算法-,有什么变换方法使凯撒大帝的将军,可以解密凯撒大帝的消息，如果他不知道,那个机密数字是13呢？
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And the good news was we didn't have to worry about how math did square root or anything like that, we just got it and we used it.
也可能是其他数，好消息是,我们不必担心math函数是怎样开方的,我们只要使用它就好。
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It's passing to this function called toupper, which if you've never used it it actually does what it says it makes it touppercase.
它把这个传递给toupper函数，如果你们使用过，它表示的是把小写字母,转换为大写字母。
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- The fact that I've called it X, is really just a programming -- it's a feature of the programming language that I, the human, can now refer to it.
事实是我叫它为X，它实际上只是一个程序-,它是程序的一个特写，我们可以参考使用它。
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It's a little more readable because I'm using a Boolean value that tells me, the programmer, this is true or this is false.
它更具有可读性一点,因为我使用了一个bool值，它告诉我或程序员，这是正确的或这是错误的。
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And so similarly as Gmail's priority inbox, it's gonna be pretty flawed for a lot of us at least initially because it just doesn't know the answers a priori correctly unless we teach it or program it to be better. There is also another flaw in here or multiple flaws arguably.
类似于Gmail的优先收件箱，在起初使用时对大多数人来说它是有缺陷的,因为它不知道如何正确判断优先级,除非我们事先告诉它或编写程序改良它,另外这里存在一个或多个漏洞，可以说是缺陷。
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So pictorially, it's as though there's now some other part of the blackboard here, maybe way up here where I can put anything I want that's accessible to main, that's accessible to swap, that's accessible to increment or any other function I might implement because it is, in fact, global.
绘画般地，它是在这里黑板上的其他部分,可能在这里的上面,我在哪里可以放置这些东西,使它们可以被main函数使用，可以被swap函数使用，可以被increment函数使用,或者我所实现的其它函数,因为它实际上是一个全局变量。
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It operates in a similar fashion to DNA polymerase in that it denatures locally or opens up the double stranded DNA, but it's different in that it creates a new polymer from the DNA template in the language of RNA, using RNA nucleotides and not DNA nucleotides.
它的作用机制类似于DNA聚合酶,在局部使DNA双链变性,解旋,但不同的是,它合成了一个基于DNA模板的,使用RNA编码语言的新聚合物,即使用核糖核苷而非脱氧核糖核苷
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And the first one I could find was in 1896.
的它的第一次使用是在1896年的。
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